[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":152},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-tukulti-ninurta-i-zh-tw":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"图库尔蒂-尼努尔塔一世","tukulti-ninurta-i","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770282869066_720_1765000072741_Tukulti-Ninurta-I.jpg","article","2026-02-05T17:14:36","2024-06-27T11:00:54",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"圖庫爾蒂-尼努爾塔一世","圖庫爾蒂 - 尼努爾塔一世:中亞述帝國的巔峰與驟衰","圖庫爾蒂 - 尼努爾塔一世:中亞述巔峰時代的征服者與悲劇結局","亞述,中亞述時期","## 圖庫爾蒂-尼努爾塔一世\n\n到了圖庫爾蒂-尼努爾塔一世(Tukulti-Ninurta I,公元前1244年-公元前1208年)統治時期,中亞述擴張到一個鼎盛時期,他是第一個使用「王中之王」稱號的亞述王。 他在各條戰線均展開一系列進攻並取得勝利:對西北山區的入侵很成功,使亞述在幾百年後再次獲得了對重要貿易路線的控制權。 在南邊,亞述不僅進一步蠶食了加喜特巴比倫的領地,甚至讓巴比倫一度淪為由亞述直接統治的附屬國。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000185/000185_1715738433314.jpg\" alt=\"图库尔蒂-尼努尔塔一世时期，亚述伊什塔尔神庙的努斯卡神崇拜基座\" width=\"70%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/MesopotamiaAssyria.htm\" target=\"_blank\">History files\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">亞述伊什塔爾神廟的努斯卡神崇拜基座,應該是在圖庫爾蒂-尼努爾塔一世統治時期(公元前1244-1207年)製作的。 這位國王在畫面中出現了兩次,除了站立,他還虔誠地跪倒在納布(Nabu,主管文書之神)天神的聖壇前祈禱。 納布的聖壇之上有一支豎立的筆和一塊寫字板,剛好組合成紀念碑形狀。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n根據亞述記載,圖庫爾蒂-尼努爾塔一世俘虜了巴比倫王卡什提里亞什四世(Kashtiliash Ⅳ,約公元前1232年-公元前1225年),然後「用腳踩在他(巴比倫王)高貴的脖子上,好像那是一個腳凳」。\n\n勝利的亞述人摧毀了\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Babylon City\" lon=\"44.4192\" lat=\"32.5352\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">巴比倫城\u003C/span>的城牆,屠殺了許多居民,搶劫並掠奪了這座城市,最後還帶走了巴比倫守護神馬杜克(Marduk)神像,這被很多人視為對神的大不敬行為,不僅\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">美索不達米亞\u003C/span>人對他恨之入骨,很多亞述人對此也深感不安。 馬杜克神像在古巴比倫第一王朝滅亡後曾被赫梯人搶走,正是加喜特人(應該是通過談判)將神像取回而建立起的功績,才讓他們得以坐穩巴比倫的王座,因此亞述對加喜特巴比倫造成了極大的損傷。 不僅如此,尼努爾塔一世還安排傀儡國王坐上巴比倫王座,並自稱為巴比倫之王,還使用了烏爾納姆(Ur-Nammu,約公元前2112年-公元前2095年)曾經自封的「蘇美爾和阿卡德之王」等頭銜。 雖然後來加喜特巴比倫王朝再次獨立,將亞述勢力趕走,但再也無法恢復元氣了。\n\n除了對付南邊的巴比倫,這一時期,亞述軍隊也向北進攻了\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Anatolia\" lon=\"32\" lat=\"39\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">安納托利亞\u003C/span>半島東部,在那裡他們第一次遇到了被稱為奈里人(Nairi)和阿里亞特里人(Uruatri)的民族。 這個國王還跨過了\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Euphrates River\" lon=\"38.6321\" lat=\"39.183\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">幼發拉底河\u003C/span>去襲擊赫梯帝國的統治區,據稱他曾在一次戰役中俘獲了超過 2.8 萬人,讓\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Kadesh\" lon=\"34.4928\" lat=\"30.688\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">卡迭石\u003C/span>戰役之後麻煩不斷的赫梯元氣大傷。\n\n這段時期,**中亞述的國土也達到了當時其歷史上的最大範圍**。 尼努爾塔一世不僅發動了一系列征服戰爭,他還下令建造了一座以他自己名號命名的新城市,即\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta\" lon=\"43.2684\" lat=\"35.497\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">卡爾-圖庫爾蒂-尼努爾塔\u003C/span>(Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta),並把它作為亞述新的首都。 據稱這座新城擁有壯觀的三重防禦工事,眾多宮殿和一座由雙塔廟組成的特殊神廟,專門供奉眾神之父阿努(Anu)和風暴神阿達德(Adad)。 尼努爾塔一世建立新都的目的可能是想要擺脫阿淑爾祭司集團的掣肘,但事與願違,這座耗費了巨大人力物力的新城反而變成了他的陵寢。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000185/000185_1715738500709.jpg\" alt=\"Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta\" width=\"60%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:《\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">美索不達米亞\u003C/span>文明(美國國家地理全球史)》\n\u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta\" lon=\"43.2684\" lat=\"35.497\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">卡爾-圖庫爾蒂-尼努爾塔\u003C/span>(Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta)鳥瞰圖,現在仍然可以看到雙塔廟宇的遺跡。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n禍起蕭牆,在尼努爾塔一世統治後期,對權力的爭奪導致亞述內部出現了殘酷的宮廷內鬥,國王的兒子們背叛了父王,發動叛亂將他圍困在新城內。 不久,這位曾經不可一世的老國王就被人謀殺在自己建造的城池內,動亂也導致亞述王國實力銳減。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.30/1765000169368_Assyrian_Cuneiform_Script.jpg\" alt=\"Assyrian Cuneiform\" width=\"60%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I\" target=\"_blank\">Tukulti-Ninurta I\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">出土於\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Ashur\" lon=\"43.2625\" lat=\"35.4565\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">亞述城\u003C/span>的圖庫爾蒂-尼努爾塔一世石碑。 碑文記載了他為女神迪尼圖(Dinitu)重建神廟的事蹟:「吾為吾之女主、女神迪尼圖之居所,築高壇、立聖所,威嚴赫赫,並將吾之石碑供奉於此。」\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n## 海上民族的入侵\n\n除了亞述陷入內亂外,先前在近東地區叱吒風雲的幾個帝國都失去了往昔的輝煌:曾經的霸主米坦尼已經煙消云散、埃及的勢力也退回到傳統的\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"The Nile\" lon=\"31.1167\" lat=\"30.9\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">尼羅河\u003C/span>流域,赫梯和加喜特巴比倫也瀕臨滅亡。\n\n在這種狀況下,公元前 1200 年左右,古埃及文獻中所記載的「海上民族」突然出現,讓這些早已虛弱不堪的帝國們紛紛陷入絕境。 其中亞述的老對手赫梯在海上民族的打擊下滅亡;而亞述的貿易網絡也被完全摧毀,在隨後的百年裡,亞述王國幾乎歸於沉寂。\n\n## 參考資料\n\n\n\n《古代亚述简史》；卡伦·拉德纳；颜海英 常洋铭[译]；外语教学与研究出版社 2021-04\n\n《亚述：世界历史上第一个帝国的兴衰》；[美] 埃卡特·弗拉姆；翟思诺[译]；中信出版社 2024-11\n\n《世界史的故事》苏珊·怀斯·鲍尔；徐彬[译]；中信出版社 2023-04\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I\" target=\"_blank\">Tukulti-Ninurta I\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire\" target=\"_blank\">Middle Assyrian Empire\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://www.worldhistory.org/assur/\" target=\"_blank\">Assur\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n\n","圖庫爾蒂 - 尼努爾塔一世將中亞述推向鼎盛,征服巴比倫、重創赫梯,卻死於宮廷內亂,亞述隨即陷入沉寂。\n","亞述歷史上首位啟用 「眾王之王」 尊號的君主:圖庫爾蒂-尼努爾塔一世","他是中亞述最強大的征服者之一,滅巴比倫、敗赫梯、建新都,卻在鼎盛時遭遇政變被殺,帝國迅速走向衰落。","zh-tw",0.7,[24,32,40,48,56,64,72,80,88,96,104,112,120,128,136,144],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":30,"description":31},"56cb3572d0204baca29ad9a49ba0ba43","中亞述的第二次擴張","tiglath-pileser-i","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283141726_720_000185_1719457481669.jpg","2026-03-06T12:49:29","2026-03-06T12:50:00","提格拉特 - 帕拉沙爾一世帶領中亞述再度擴張,西征地中海、東敗埃蘭、南征巴比倫,卻在其死後迅速退回核心區。",{"id":33,"name":34,"keywords":4,"slug":35,"author":7,"ogImage":36,"isBlog":4,"createDate":37,"updateDate":38,"description":39},"f8195318875b4cab9b0f6a98faf82d0f","中亞述的第一次擴張","middle-assyrian-empire-first-period-of-expansion-and-consolidation","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278703537_720_1764946989741_Arranging_the_boundary_between_Assyria_and_Babylon.jpg","2026-03-05T22:05:04","2026-03-05T22:05:44","中亞述在阿達德尼拉里一世與薩爾瑪那薩爾一世時期完成第一次大擴張,滅亡米坦尼、壓製巴比倫與赫梯,確立地區強權地位。",{"id":41,"name":42,"keywords":4,"slug":43,"author":7,"ogImage":44,"isBlog":4,"createDate":45,"updateDate":46,"description":47},"4c8d31293f804624bffefd2d1ea19c6f","新埃蘭時期與文明的消亡","neo-elamite-period","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290418284_720_1765426853042_Assyria.jpg","2026-03-08T17:08:50","2026-03-08T17:19:43","公元前1100年至600年,新埃蘭時期見證了兩千年埃蘭文明的終結。 本文詳述亞述帝國的殘酷征服、蘇薩城的毀滅,以及波斯人如何繼承埃蘭遺產並建立阿契美尼德王朝,還原近東霸權更迭的真實史詩。",{"id":49,"name":50,"keywords":4,"slug":51,"author":7,"ogImage":52,"isBlog":4,"createDate":53,"updateDate":54,"description":55},"c95a3540107249f0915fcb3daa6a989c","亞述巴尼拔","ashurbanipal","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290515108_720_1765955683708_Ashurbanipal2.jpg","2026-02-26T00:18:50","2026-03-12T12:57:22","亞述巴尼拔是亞述帝國最後一位強大君主,征服埃及、血洗埃蘭、建立世界最早的系統性圖書館,見證帝國從巔峰走向滅亡。",{"id":57,"name":58,"keywords":4,"slug":59,"author":7,"ogImage":60,"isBlog":4,"createDate":61,"updateDate":62,"description":63},"51b4e0f9e3524c139d87f1b1a38eb20c","提格拉特-帕拉沙爾三世","tiglath-pileser-iii","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770284171892_720_1765296079488_Tiglath-Pileser-III.jpg","2026-03-06T14:19:08","2026-03-06T14:19:40","提格拉特 - 帕拉沙爾三世結束亞述百年低迷,以軍事擴張、行省制與強制遷徙重塑帝國,征服敘利亞、以色列與巴比倫,開啟新亞述帝國巔峰。",{"id":65,"name":66,"keywords":4,"slug":67,"author":7,"ogImage":68,"isBlog":4,"createDate":69,"updateDate":70,"description":71},"f8304c66f2b045f7a815f7ea2099a720","亞述帝國滅亡","fall-of-the-assyrian-empire","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290720458_720_1765958465332_assyrian-sculpture2.jpg","2026-03-06T20:52:27","2026-03-06T20:52:56","亞述巴尼拔死後,帝國迅速衰落,米底與新巴比倫聯軍攻破尼尼微,屠城焚都,盛極一時的亞述帝國徹底滅亡,開啟近東新格局。",{"id":73,"name":74,"keywords":4,"slug":75,"author":7,"ogImage":76,"isBlog":4,"createDate":77,"updateDate":78,"description":79},"9f11da900d9848398368d30d24938f22","以撒哈頓","esarhaddon","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290469728_720_1766043729754_Esarhaddon.jpg","2026-03-06T20:45:18","2026-03-06T20:45:53","以撒哈頓平定王位內亂,重建被父親焚毀的巴比倫城,擊敗遊牧民族,征服埃及,將亞述帝國推向版圖與國力的巔峰。",{"id":81,"name":82,"keywords":4,"slug":83,"author":7,"ogImage":84,"isBlog":4,"createDate":85,"updateDate":86,"description":87},"a291a35272134469a0e52c33bd90430d","西拿基立","sennacherib","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290298209_720_000208_1756711796420_Shalmaneser2.jpg","2026-03-06T20:31:26","2026-03-06T20:32:05","西拿基立平定巴比倫叛亂,攻陷拉吉什、圍攻耶路撒冷,跨海遠征埃蘭,最終因焚毀巴比倫、褻瀆神祇而遭兒子弒殺,走向悲劇結局。",{"id":89,"name":90,"keywords":4,"slug":91,"author":7,"ogImage":92,"isBlog":4,"createDate":93,"updateDate":94,"description":95},"25ba976e4a84473b9de6275248fa4e61","亞述滅亡以色列王國","assyrian-conquest-of-kingdom-of-israel","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290212077_720_000199_1719298485539.jpg","2026-03-06T22:15:17","2026-03-06T22:15:33","以色列王國因內亂衰敗,末代王何細亞聯埃反亞述被識破,薩爾貢二世攻破撒瑪利亞,流放 2.7 萬以色列人,造就 「遺失的十個部落」 之謎。",{"id":97,"name":98,"keywords":4,"slug":99,"author":7,"ogImage":100,"isBlog":4,"createDate":101,"updateDate":102,"description":103},"6f160e044d9746719e46813a9a720117","薩爾貢二世","sargon-ii","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290188197_720_1765381393252_Sargon_II_Iraq_Museum.jpg","2026-03-06T15:35:46","2026-03-06T15:36:13","薩爾貢二世篡權登基,攻破撒瑪利亞滅亡北國以色列,擊敗烏拉爾圖、征服巴比倫,建杜爾沙魯金新都,將新亞述帝國推向巔峰。",{"id":105,"name":106,"keywords":4,"slug":107,"author":7,"ogImage":108,"isBlog":4,"createDate":109,"updateDate":110,"description":111},"8820943b2e914f3fbf4e0d800cdedea9","烏拉爾圖王國由盛而衰","downfall-of-uraltu-kingdom","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283909164_720_000211_1756708741113_Tushpa2.jpg","2026-03-06T14:29:08","2026-03-06T14:29:33","烏拉爾圖王國依託亞美尼亞高原興起,與亞述長期爭霸,在提格拉特 - 帕拉沙爾三世、薩爾貢二世打擊下由盛轉衰,最終亡於米底與斯基泰人。",{"id":113,"name":114,"keywords":4,"slug":115,"author":7,"ogImage":116,"isBlog":4,"createDate":117,"updateDate":118,"description":119},"f333b8c658284bbe972044ceb1050132","亞述「女王」薩穆-阿瑪特","sammu-ramat","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283677165_720_1766136016849_semiramis.jpg","2026-03-06T16:58:24","2026-03-06T16:59:01","薩穆 - 阿瑪特是沙姆什 - 阿達德五世王后、阿達德尼拉里三世攝政太后,穩定叛亂後的亞述,成為希臘神話塞米勒米斯女王的真實原型。",{"id":121,"name":122,"keywords":4,"slug":123,"author":7,"ogImage":124,"isBlog":4,"createDate":125,"updateDate":126,"description":127},"67b7d4fb8e24411eb742391ff809de5e","烏拉爾圖王國興起","rise-of-uraltu-kingdom","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283635458_720_1765176259767_Urartian_arch_near_Van._1973.jpg","2026-03-08T18:32:24","2026-03-08T20:54:11","烏拉爾圖(Urartu)是古代亞美尼亞高原上的「要塞之國」。 本文詳述其如何憑藉石砌城堡抵禦亞述帝國、領先時代的冶鐵技術以及塞米拉米斯運河等工程奇蹟。 探索這個神秘消失在公元前6世紀的高山文明。",{"id":129,"name":130,"keywords":4,"slug":131,"author":7,"ogImage":132,"isBlog":4,"createDate":133,"updateDate":134,"description":135},"a52b682c703e40d486cc8e53d5ceaf9d","薩爾瑪那薩爾三世","shalmaneser-iii","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283552160_720_000198_1719297007970.jpg","2026-03-06T16:39:29","2026-03-06T16:39:54","薩爾瑪那薩爾三世建立亞述首支常備軍與騎兵,發動卡爾卡爾戰役,迫使以色列王耶戶稱臣,晚年因儲位之爭引發內亂,開啟亞述百年低迷。",{"id":137,"name":138,"keywords":4,"slug":139,"author":7,"ogImage":140,"isBlog":4,"createDate":141,"updateDate":142,"description":143},"f47d08d0746749e5aea8e5d9782a912f","亞述那西爾帕二世","ashurnasirpal-ii","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283512693_720_1764649387343_Ashurnasirpal_II.jpg","2026-03-06T16:13:52","2026-03-06T16:14:27","亞述那西爾帕二世重建亞述霸權,定都迦拉(尼姆魯德),西征至地中海,以殘暴威懾四方,開啟新亞述帝國擴張之路。",{"id":145,"name":146,"keywords":4,"slug":147,"author":7,"ogImage":148,"isBlog":4,"createDate":149,"updateDate":150,"description":151},"3524f33073f74ca791a2a0a0ff9f05a7","新亞述時期-帝國的崛起","rise-of-neo-assyrian-empire","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283423294_720_1765171787724_Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.jpg","2026-03-06T13:56:10","2026-03-06T13:56:41","新亞述從強國走向帝國,提格拉特 - 帕拉沙爾三世開啟帝國時代,以鐵血軍事征服兩河流域、敘利亞與埃及,成為近東霸主。",1779891380568]