[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":151},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-third-dynasty-of-ur-zh-tw":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"乌尔第三王朝","third-dynasty-of-ur","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277824740_720_1764042533754_Sumerian_Cylinder_Seal_of_King_Ur-Nammu.jpg","article","2026-02-05T15:50:32","2025-11-11T14:32:07",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"烏爾第三王朝","烏爾第三王朝:蘇美爾文明最後的輝煌","烏爾第三王朝|烏爾納姆、蘇美爾復興、烏爾納姆法典與兩河最後的蘇美爾帝國","烏爾第三王朝,烏爾納姆,蘇美爾,美索不達米亞","## 持續百年的混亂\n\n公元前2193年阿卡德帝國滅亡,導致了長達百年的混亂與動盪,\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">美索不達米亞\u003C/span>地區沒有中央王權;零散的地帶很快被庫提人所填充,他們在阿卡德帝國之後的這段混亂時期里統治著兩河流域。 庫提人應該屬於遊牧民族,人數很少,文化程度也應該遠低於蘇美爾人,除此之外就幾乎一無所知了。 《蘇美爾王錶》上記錄了21位庫提國王,但是這些國王很少留有銘文。 因此,庫提人的統治很可能只是名義上的,蘇美爾的城邦斷斷續續又恢復了先前的獨立,回到了過去的時代。 對此,《蘇美爾王錶》生動地記錄了當時的境況:「誰是王? 誰不是王? 伊爾吉吉是王嗎? 納努姆是王嗎? 伊米是王嗎? 埃魯魯是王嗎?」\n\n在這些獨立的城邦中,\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Lagash City\" lon=\"46.4043\" lat=\"31.4068\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">拉伽什城\u003C/span>和\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Uruk City\" lon=\"45.635\" lat=\"31.32\" year=\"-2900\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">烏魯克城\u003C/span>的實力似乎最為強大,這兩個城市也象徵了史學家所說的「蘇美爾復興」的開端。 實際上它們在歸順阿卡德帝國後,就復興了蘇美爾文化。 烏爾第三王朝的君主對於恢復蘇美爾過去榮耀的貢獻最大。\n\n比如,這一時期最著名的一位統治者便是拉伽什國王古迪亞(Gudea,約公元前2150-前2125年),根據史料記載,古迪亞似乎是一位放棄了自己遊牧傳統的庫提人勇士,他重建了被阿卡德人和庫提人所破壞的蘇美爾寺廟,並且自稱是人民 「真正的領袖」。 這位國王有不少非常有特點的塑像,都顯示出對蘇美爾神靈的虔誠,洋溢著一種保守和寧靜的氛圍。 儘管古迪亞沒有出現在《蘇美爾王錶》里,但依然是有據可考的。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000170/000170_1710155233902.png\" alt=\"虔诚的古迪亚\" width=\"70%\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/329072\" target=\"_blank\">MET\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">虔誠的古迪亞,這位統治者以坐姿形象出現在他的臣民面前,雙手摺疊是一種傳統的問候和祈禱姿勢;他頭上戴著的可能是一頂羊毛帽,這種高邊帽在烏爾第三王朝的君主中很盛行。 最引人注目的是長袍上的文字,銘文顯示此雕像是獻給神寧吉什齊達(Ningishzida)的 「還願碑」。 古迪亞時期的許多雕像上都刻有這位國王的名字,他還將自己的塑像放置在重建後的蘇美爾神廟中。 這位國王的身世不明,他可能是庫提人,但是放棄了自己的身份在拉伽什稱王,稱自己是人民「真正的領袖」。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n儘管古迪亞看上去非常虔誠也似乎深受愛戴,但最終從軍事上恢復蘇美爾的則是來自\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Uruk City\" lon=\"45.635\" lat=\"31.32\" year=\"-2900\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">烏魯克城\u003C/span>的勢力。 大約在公元前2120年,烏魯克國王烏圖赫伽爾(Utuhegal)召集了一支軍隊起來反抗庫提人,伊朗南部的一些國王也加入了他的隊伍。 最終,烏圖赫伽爾趕走了庫提人,把統治權重新掌握在蘇美爾人手中。 烏圖赫伽爾在位時間不長,只有七年六個月零十五天(來自王表的記載,唯一一次對一位國王統治時間的精確記錄),然後,他很可能是被自己的侄子(兼女婿)烏爾納姆趕下台的。\n\n## 烏爾納姆建立烏爾第三王朝\n\n**烏爾第三王朝是由烏爾納姆所創建的,也是蘇美爾文明最後的絕唱**。\n\n烏爾納姆(Ur-Nammu,約公元前2112年-公元前2095年)自稱「烏爾之王,蘇美爾阿卡德之王」。 由於在早期王朝時期,\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Ur City\" lon=\"46.1054\" lat=\"30.9567\" year=\"-2900\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">烏爾城\u003C/span>還有過兩次強盛期,因此這個新王朝便被稱為「烏爾第三王朝」(約前2112至前2004年)。 這個時期也是蘇美爾作為獨立文明的最後輝煌,烏爾納姆和他的繼任者們不但創建了一個廣闊的帝國,還給兩河流域帶來了接近一個世紀的相對和平時期,這促成了蘇美爾地區在文學、藝術等各方面的復興。\n\n烏爾納姆不僅是這片平原的征服者,而且是文明的重建者。 在他的治下,修建神廟成為了兩河流域的一項光榮傳統,塔廟也成為兩河流域文明的一個象徵。 他還在各個城市中重建道路和城牆,並開挖運河把淡水引回鹹水浸漫的城市。 他聲稱:「我的城市的水裡都是魚,天上都是鳥兒。 我的城裡種植著供蜜蜂采蜜的植物」。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.28/1764042533754_Sumerian_Cylinder_Seal_of_King_Ur-Nammu.jpg\" alt=\"乌尔纳姆的滚筒印章\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur\" target=\"_blank\">Third Dynasty of Ur\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">烏爾第三王朝國王,烏爾納姆的滾筒印章。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.29/1772689453762_Ziggurat_of_Ur.jpg\" alt=\"乌尔第三王朝遗址\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur\" target=\"_blank\">Ur\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Ur City\" lon=\"46.1054\" lat=\"30.9567\" year=\"-2900\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">烏爾城\u003C/span>遺址。 烏爾位於\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Tigris River\" lon=\"39.7703\" lat=\"38.4333\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">底格里斯河\u003C/span>和\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Euphrates River\" lon=\"38.6321\" lat=\"39.183\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">幼發拉底河\u003C/span>注入\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"The Persian Gulf\" lon=\"51.5418\" lat=\"26.9028\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">波斯灣\u003C/span>之前的交匯處,這個地理位置決定了它必然是整個\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">美索不達米亞\u003C/span>地區的一個重要貿易中心。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000170/000170_1710155252729.jpg\" alt=\"乌尔纳姆石板\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:費城賓夕法尼亞大學博物館\n\u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">左側為烏爾納姆石板的局部圖。 右側為全圖,上方為國王烏爾納姆為南納(Nanna,烏爾的保護神)和寧伽爾(Ningal,南納的妻子)獻酒的場景,國王接受了建造烏爾廟塔的神諭;下方為國王手持工匠的工具去鋪建塔基。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.28/1764041688457_1202px-Plan_of_terrain_AO5677_mp3h9127.jpg\" alt=\"第三王朝的一份地契\" width=\"70%\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur\" target=\"_blank\">Third Dynasty of Ur\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">第三王朝時期,來自\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Umma City\" lon=\"45.8667\" lat=\"31.6333\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">烏瑪城\u003C/span>的一處房產平面圖,詳細標註了各部分的面積,約公元前2120年。\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Louvre Museum\" lon=\"2.3376\" lat=\"48.8606\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">盧浮宮博物館\u003C/span>。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\n## 參考資料\n\n\n\n《世界史的故事》苏珊·怀斯·鲍尔；徐彬[译]；中信出版社 2023-04\n\n《中东的王国和帝国（美国国家地理全球史）》；美国国家地理学会编著；周恒涛[译]；现代出版社 2022-06\n\n《苏美尔人》伦纳德·伍雷； 王献华 魏桢力[译]；上海三联书店 2021-01\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur\" target=\"_blank\">Third Dynasty of Ur\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n","烏爾第三王朝是蘇美爾文明最後的黃金時代,由烏爾納姆建立,統一兩河流域,復興文化與信仰,頒布已知最早成文法典,最終被埃蘭所滅。","烏爾第三王朝:蘇美爾文明落幕前的最後輝煌","在阿卡德帝國與庫提人混亂之後,烏爾納姆重建統一帝國,開啟蘇美爾最後的復興,書寫了兩河文明的終章高光。","zh-tw",0.7,[24,32,40,48,55,63,71,79,87,95,103,111,119,127,135,143],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":30,"description":31},"10ad0587383043eb9bf7f5e0533ec1af","《烏爾納姆法典》","code-of-ur-nammu","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277848286_720_1764938620405_code.jpg","2026-03-05T13:50:55","2026-03-05T13:51:31","《烏爾納姆法典》是世界已知最早成文法,頒布於烏爾第三王朝,開創法治先河,改進 「以牙還牙」 原則,深刻影響後世法典(含漢謨拉比法典)。",{"id":33,"name":34,"keywords":4,"slug":35,"author":7,"ogImage":36,"isBlog":4,"createDate":37,"updateDate":38,"description":39},"9d6ffc016ad5496ea6cb688dbe06edf2","王權『自天而降』","sumerian-king-list","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277186433_720_000171_1710127538406.jpg","2026-02-28T17:08:35","2026-03-12T13:00:58","蘇美爾王表為何說 「王權自天而降」? 本文解讀人類最早的王權神話、埃利都、阿魯利姆、大洪水與王權神授觀念的起源。\n",{"id":41,"name":42,"keywords":4,"slug":43,"author":7,"ogImage":44,"isBlog":4,"createDate":45,"updateDate":46,"description":47},"06dcc5860f934b3cbbb6fa958408534f","蘇美爾文明消亡","downfall-of-third-dynasty-of-ur","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277929161_720_1764047121010_Cylinder_seal_of_Shulgi.jpg","2026-03-05T14:13:34","2026-03-05T14:14:03","烏爾第三王朝於公元前 2004 年被埃蘭人滅亡,蘇美爾文明從此徹底消亡,語言、政治實體不復存在,成為人類最早文明的悲壯終章。",{"id":49,"name":50,"keywords":4,"slug":51,"author":7,"ogImage":52,"isBlog":4,"createDate":53,"updateDate":53,"description":54},"89e02db998be4b77818bb602e198ecff","人類最早的文明","origin-of-mesopotamian-civilization","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277056630_720_000153_1710133726312.jpg","2026-02-28T10:37:21","人類最早文明誕生在哪裡? 蘇美爾人是誰? 楔形文字、城邦、種族與文明的定義。 本文系統講解兩河流域文明的開端。",{"id":56,"name":57,"keywords":4,"slug":58,"author":7,"ogImage":59,"isBlog":4,"createDate":60,"updateDate":61,"description":62},"fae2bb675a97427e97f33bd0085faa79","最早的車輪和犁","invention-of-wheels-and-plough","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277127559_720_1762914174723_1599px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg","2026-02-28T15:01:18","2026-03-04T22:26:58","車輪和犁最早在哪裡發明? 蘇美爾人如何從製陶輪走向車輪與犁耕? 本文講透人類兩大關鍵技術的起源與影響。\n",{"id":64,"name":65,"keywords":4,"slug":66,"author":7,"ogImage":67,"isBlog":4,"createDate":68,"updateDate":69,"description":70},"b6860d9ebc3a49f99736b06cedf9cae9","人類最早的文字","cuneiform-script-the-earliest-form-of-human-writing","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277157626_720_1761894888347_Proto-writing2.jpg","2026-02-28T16:17:56","2026-03-12T12:59:43","人類最早文字在哪裡誕生? 楔形文字如何從圖畫符號走向成熟? 本文重點講解文字起源與文明門檻。",{"id":72,"name":73,"keywords":4,"slug":74,"author":7,"ogImage":75,"isBlog":4,"createDate":76,"updateDate":77,"description":78},"37c7166086b74b06933c04804257a88f","加喜特巴比倫王朝","third-babylonian-dynasty","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278352781_720_1764148860639_third-Babylonian-dynasty.jpg","2026-03-05T19:53:41","2026-03-05T19:54:14","赫梯人撤離後,加喜特人占領巴比倫建立第三王朝(前 1530~ 前 1157 年),延續巴比倫文化,最終被埃蘭人滅亡,終結統治。",{"id":80,"name":81,"keywords":4,"slug":82,"author":7,"ogImage":83,"isBlog":4,"createDate":84,"updateDate":85,"description":86},"509949b4a5354c3ab6ef2f92b799d256","沙姆什 - 阿達德一世與亞述王國","shamshi-adad-i-and-assyrian-kingdom","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278144847_720_000173_1762999131031_000173_1710132937266.jpg","2026-03-05T15:18:23","2026-03-05T15:57:31","沙姆什 - 阿達德一世(阿摩利人)攻佔亞述與馬瑞地區,建立亞述王國,掌控兩河流域上游貿易,雖死後帝國崩潰,但為亞述文明奠定基礎。",{"id":88,"name":89,"keywords":4,"slug":90,"author":7,"ogImage":91,"isBlog":4,"createDate":92,"updateDate":93,"description":94},"2d7652a378004028bd878952332ba58d","阿摩利人的諸多王國","rise-of-amorites","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277999705_720_1764052116575_Cuneiform_Clay_Tablets_from_Amorite_Kingdom_of_Mari,_1st_Half_of_2nd_Mill._BC.jpg","2026-03-05T14:30:17","2026-03-05T14:30:37","烏爾第三王朝滅亡後,阿摩利人在兩河流域建立眾多王國,形成伊辛、拉爾薩、古巴比倫、亞述等勢力,開啟閃米特主導的新時代。",{"id":96,"name":97,"keywords":4,"slug":98,"author":7,"ogImage":99,"isBlog":4,"createDate":100,"updateDate":101,"description":102},"28a0e3032e324d8a943143654fa8b140","阿卡德覆滅","downfall-of-akkadian-empire","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277800570_720_1764039150481_stele_of_Naram-Sin.jpg","2026-03-05T13:35:49","2026-03-05T13:36:25","納拉姆辛死後,阿卡德帝國迅速衰落,在內外叛亂與蠻族入侵下滅亡,人類歷史上第一個帝國就此終結,兩河重回城邦時代。",{"id":104,"name":105,"keywords":4,"slug":106,"author":7,"ogImage":107,"isBlog":4,"createDate":108,"updateDate":109,"description":110},"dee6d46eb6fa42d9a970314574660c05","《吉爾伽美什史詩》","epic-of-gilgamesh","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277737442_720_1769241408984_Epic_of_Gilgamesh.jpg","2026-03-05T12:16:54","2026-03-05T12:17:42","《吉爾伽美什史詩》是世界最早書面文學,講述烏魯克國王吉爾伽美什與恩奇都的冒險,包含大洪水故事,深刻影響後世文明與神話。",{"id":112,"name":113,"keywords":4,"slug":114,"author":7,"ogImage":115,"isBlog":4,"createDate":116,"updateDate":117,"description":118},"37a8f3ba255846fc878e141afbb90230","薩爾貢與阿卡德帝國","sargon-the-great-akkadian-empire","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277603372_720_1763997605352_Sargon_of_Akkad_and_dignitaries.jpg","2026-03-05T11:56:13","2026-03-05T11:56:50","薩爾貢大帝結束蘇美爾城邦混戰,建立人類歷史上第一個多民族中央集權帝國 -- 阿卡德帝國,統一兩河流域,開創西亞帝國時代。",{"id":120,"name":121,"keywords":4,"slug":122,"author":7,"ogImage":123,"isBlog":4,"createDate":124,"updateDate":125,"description":126},"2120dbc2b71e48f297d93857834b9419","烏爾王陵與「烏爾軍旗」","royal-cemetery-standard-of-ur","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277411515_720_1764318102810_1600px-Standard_of_Ur_-_War.jpg","2026-03-05T11:20:32","2026-03-05T11:21:12","烏爾王陵是蘇美爾早王朝最重要考古發現,出土普阿比女王墓、人殉遺蹟、公牛頭琴與烏爾軍旗,展現 4500 年前蘇美爾文明的輝煌與殘酷。",{"id":128,"name":129,"keywords":4,"slug":130,"author":7,"ogImage":131,"isBlog":4,"createDate":132,"updateDate":133,"description":134},"67bdd9ec9ed94af1a05060ee9b536525","繩紋文化","jomon-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779869915894_jomon-culture.jpg","2026-05-27T22:08:23","2026-05-27T22:09:00","繩紋文化(Jōmon Culture)是日本列島持續時間最長的史前文化,以繩紋陶器、火焰紋陶器與神秘土偶聞名。 本文系統介紹繩紋文化的年代、社會結構、藝術傳統、繩紋人的起源及其與現代日本人的關係。",{"id":136,"name":137,"keywords":4,"slug":138,"author":7,"ogImage":139,"isBlog":4,"createDate":140,"updateDate":141,"description":142},"e85f3773b7624b34ba0a950c83050f14","末次冰盛期","last-glacial-maximum","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779866970213_last-glacial-maximum3.jpg","2026-05-27T16:11:50","2026-05-27T16:12:42","深度解析距今約2.6萬年前的末次冰盛期(LGM)。 本文將結合米蘭科維奇循環模型,帶您直觀了解海平面下降130米、陸橋裸露後的全球地理巨變,以及極寒環境如何將舊石器晚期智人鍛造為全球擴散的頂級適應者。",{"id":144,"name":145,"keywords":4,"slug":146,"author":7,"ogImage":147,"isBlog":4,"createDate":148,"updateDate":149,"description":150},"3430c1759ae64ef28ee275be703e3ff7","馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化","malta-buret-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276830881_720_1761535507344_Princess_of_Xiaohe2.jpg","2026-02-27T20:06:48","2026-03-12T12:59:20","什麼是馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化? 古代歐亞北部人(ANE)是誰? 本文講解這支 2.4 萬年前的西伯利亞文化、基因貢獻及與小河公主的關係。",1779891380838]