[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":151},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-third-babylonian-dynasty-zh-tw":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"加喜特人建立巴比伦第三王朝","third-babylonian-dynasty","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278352781_720_1764148860639_third-Babylonian-dynasty.jpg","article","2026-02-05T15:59:20","2024-02-29T08:57:21",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"加喜特巴比倫王朝","加喜特人建立巴比倫第三王朝:兩河文明的延續與落幕","加喜特人 巴比倫第三王朝|兩河流域 文明延續","巴比倫第三王朝,加喜特王朝,美索不達米亞,巴比倫","## 第一王朝落幕\n\n公元前 1595 年,曾經在漢謨拉比大帝的統治下,稱霸兩河流域的古巴比倫王國迎來了末日。\n\n在最後一位國王薩姆蘇 - 迪塔納(Samsu-Ditana,公元前 1625 年 - 前 1595 年)在位時期,新近興起的赫梯人(Hittites)在首領穆爾西里一世(MursiliⅠ,公元前 1620 年 - 前 1590 年)的帶領下攻陷了\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Babylon City\" lon=\"44.4192\" lat=\"32.5352\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">巴比倫城\u003C/span>,隨後,第一個巴比倫王朝便覆滅了。 赫梯人並沒有占領這座城市,也許是因為他們並不具備統治\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Babylon Region\" lon=\"44.4192\" lat=\"32.5352\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">巴比倫地區\u003C/span>的能力,也許是內部發生了謀反,總之,在一番大肆洗劫之後,穆爾西里一世便帶著大批俘虜和財寶撤軍了。 赫梯人被認為是使用印歐語系的民族,如果他們能長期占領並統治\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">美索不達米亞\u003C/span>,那麼後續這裡的文明走向很有可能會被改寫。\n\n但歷史沒有假設,不管怎樣,曾經無比繁華的巴比倫第一王朝只剩下一片廢墟。\n\n## 加喜特第三王朝開啟\n\n第一王朝的覆滅和赫梯人的離去,讓巴比倫成為空城。 這使得從兩河流域東北方向遷移而來的加喜特人(Kassites)獲得了絕佳的機會,這個相對落後的遊牧部族占領了巴比倫並建立了加喜特王朝,史稱 「巴比倫第三王朝」(約公元前 1530~ 前 1157 年)。 在同一時期,南方\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Isin City\" lon=\"45.2693\" lat=\"31.8849\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">伊辛城\u003C/span>(Isin)也出現了一個 「巴比倫第二王朝」(史稱 「海國王朝」,約公元前 1595 年 - 前 1518 年),但不久後即被加喜特人所消滅。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000175/000175_1710122020078.png\" alt=\"前十二世纪的加喜特界石\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://smarthistory.org/tag/ancient-near-east/\" target=\"_blank\">Smarthistory.org\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">公元前十二世紀的加喜特界石(kudurru),刻有樂師神與象徵神明的動物遊行。 目前藏於\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Paris\" lon=\"2.3488\" lat=\"48.8534\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">巴黎\u003C/span>\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Louvre Museum\" lon=\"2.3376\" lat=\"48.8606\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">盧浮宮博物館\u003C/span>。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n就這樣,\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">美索不達米亞\u003C/span>的土地再次更換了統治者。**在接下來的四百多年時間裡,加喜特王朝始終掌管著這片土地**。 據《巴比倫王表》中的記載,包括入主巴比倫之前的國王在內,加喜特人所建立的國家先後共有 36 個王,統治了 576 年零 9 個月,年代約為公元前 1732 年至前 1157 年。\n\n在不少學者們看來,這一時期兩河流域的文明似乎沒有太大的發展,基本處於停滯狀態。 這可能是因為加喜特巴比倫的社會看上去比較保守,統治者們似乎只想保留原有社會的一切形態。 不過這對於古老的巴比倫文明來說卻是幸運的,作為外來的少數民族,加喜特人並未抵制本已有之的巴比倫文化,反而接受了這個文明的大部分特徵。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000175/000175_1710122146348.jpg\" alt=\"巴比伦第三王朝时期的神庙奠基铭文\" width=\"70%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/324911\" target=\"_blank\">MET\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">埋藏在杜爾庫里加祖(Dur-Kurigalzu)神廟地基之下的奠基銘文,原件藏於紐約大都會博物館。 建造並維持神廟是古代近東統治者的主要職責之一,這需要投入大量金錢和人力物力。\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">美索不達米亞\u003C/span>最重要的宗教聖地位於尼普爾(Nippur),這裡是主神恩利爾(Enlil)的居所,對他的崇拜延續了近兩千年。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n上圖中的這件銘文被埋藏在神廟的地基中,記錄了國王捐獻神廟的事跡。 大意為:\n\n> 敬獻給大地之主恩利爾,\n來自他順從的牧羊人、\n尼普爾的供奉者、\n永遠虔誠於埃庫爾神廟的阿達德-舒馬-烏蘇爾,\n他用燒製的磚建造了這座永受敬崇的廟宇。\n>\u003Cbr>\n> -- 阿達德 - 舒馬 - 烏蘇爾\n\n阿達德 - 舒馬 - 烏蘇爾(Adad-shum-usur)是公元前 1216 年 - 公元前 1187 年間統治巴比倫的加喜特國王,這件奠基物即來自他的時代。 由此可見,加喜特人完全接受了蘇美爾人古老的神祇。\n\n不過 「神」 似乎並不會永遠眷顧任何人。 加喜特巴比倫的周圍強敵環繞,用現在的術語描述就是地緣環境非常惡劣:北方的亞述和東南方向的埃蘭經常入侵巴比倫。 亞述國王圖庫爾蒂 - 尼努爾塔一世(Tukulti-Ninurta I,公元前 1244 年 - 公元前 1208 年)曾攻入巴比倫並俘走加喜特王卡什提里亞什四世(Kashtiliash Ⅳ,約公元前 1232 年 - 公元前 1225 年)。\n\n在亞述出土的刻在一個建築物上的銘文形象地描述了這次戰爭:\n\n> 我(亞述王)打敗了他的軍隊,我征服了他的戰士。 在那次戰鬥中,我俘虜了加喜特的國王,我用腳踩著他的脖子,就像踩著一條凳子。 在我的主人阿淑爾神的面前,我把他捆綁住,用鞭子抽打。\n>\u003Cbr>\n> -- 圖庫爾蒂 - 尼努爾塔一世\n\n後來加喜特王朝恢復了獨立,但半個世紀之後, 埃蘭人入侵並俘虜了加喜特最後一位國王恩利爾・那丁・阿基(Enlil ��Nadin Akhi, 約公元前 1157 年 - 前 1155 年在位)。 在末代之王死於敵國後,加喜特巴比倫王朝的歷史也就終結了。 此後,兩河流域又陷入小國紛立的格局。\n\n在加喜特巴比倫時代,人們耗費了大量精力來搜集和整理早期文獻,包括了從蘇美爾到阿卡德時代(不包含加喜特王朝)的經典作品,如著名的《吉爾伽美什》史詩等,這為巴比倫文明的延續做出了重要貢獻。 此外,雕刻和珠寶製作等手工藝也得到了新的發展,且日臻完美。 另外值得一提的是,**在這一時期,馬首次被引入了兩河流域**。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000175/000175_1710121691885.png\" alt=\"巴比伦王朝后期的都城遗址\" width=\"90%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://althistory.fandom.com/wiki/Kassite_Babylon_(Of_Kings_and_Gods)\" target=\"_blank\">Kassite Babylon\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Dur-Kurigalzu\" lon=\"44.2024\" lat=\"33.3536\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">杜爾庫里加祖城\u003C/span>(Dur-Kurigalzu),加喜特巴比倫王朝後期的都城遺址。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.30/1772711426607_Cylinder_seal_of_king_Kurigalzu_II_Louvre_Museum_AOD_105.jpg\" alt=\"Cylinder seal of Kurigalzu II\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassites\" target=\"_blank\">Kassites\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">加喜特國王庫里加爾祖二世(Kurigalzu II,約公元前 1332-1308 年)的滾筒印章,現藏於盧浮宮,編號 AOD 105。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.30/1772711139496_Duck-shaped_weight_mentioning_the_name_of_the_priest_Mashallim-Marduk,_Kassite,_from_Babylon._Ancient_Orient_Museum.jpg\" alt=\"Kassites Duck-shaped weight\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassites\" target=\"_blank\">Kassites\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Babylon City\" lon=\"44.4192\" lat=\"32.5352\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">巴比倫城\u003C/span>出土的加喜特時期鴨形砝碼,刻有祭司馬沙利姆 - 馬杜克(Mashallim-Marduk)的名字,現藏於古代東方博物館。\n\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\n## 參考資料\n\n\n\n《世界史的故事》苏珊·怀斯·鲍尔；徐彬[译]；中信出版社 2023-04\n\n《巴比伦：\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">美索不达米亚\u003C/span>和文明的诞生》保罗·克里瓦切克；陈沅[译]；社会科学文献出版社 2019-12\n\n《巴比伦尼亚》；[澳大利亚] 特雷弗·布赖斯；赵娜[译]；译林出版社 2022-08\n\n《中东的王国和帝国（美国国家地理全球史）》；美国国家地理学会编著；周恒涛[译]；现代出版社 2022-06\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassites\" target=\"_blank\">Kassites\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/zh/1-53/\" target=\"_blank\">巴比伦\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk\" target=\"_blank\">Marduk\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n","赫梯人撤離後,加喜特人占領巴比倫建立第三王朝(前 1530~ 前 1157 年),延續巴比倫文化,最終被埃蘭人滅亡,終結統治。","加喜特王朝:巴比倫第三王朝的興衰與文明傳承","從占領巴比倫建立王朝,到接受當地文化、傳承經典文獻,加喜特人統治下的巴比倫第三王朝,見證了兩河文明的延續與轉折。","zh-tw",0.7,[24,32,40,48,56,64,72,80,88,96,104,112,119,127,135,143],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":30,"description":31},"fae2bb675a97427e97f33bd0085faa79","最早的車輪和犁","invention-of-wheels-and-plough","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277127559_720_1762914174723_1599px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg","2026-02-28T15:01:18","2026-03-04T22:26:58","車輪和犁最早在哪裡發明? 蘇美爾人如何從製陶輪走向車輪與犁耕? 本文講透人類兩大關鍵技術的起源與影響。\n",{"id":33,"name":34,"keywords":4,"slug":35,"author":7,"ogImage":36,"isBlog":4,"createDate":37,"updateDate":38,"description":39},"9d6ffc016ad5496ea6cb688dbe06edf2","王權『自天而降』","sumerian-king-list","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277186433_720_000171_1710127538406.jpg","2026-02-28T17:08:35","2026-03-12T13:00:58","蘇美爾王表為何說 「王權自天而降」? 本文解讀人類最早的王權神話、埃利都、阿魯利姆、大洪水與王權神授觀念的起源。\n",{"id":41,"name":42,"keywords":4,"slug":43,"author":7,"ogImage":44,"isBlog":4,"createDate":45,"updateDate":46,"description":47},"90ea45dba4aa49178779c487004c272f","蟄伏期的巴比倫","babylon-assyrian-period","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283020766_720_1765021165321_nebuchadnezzar-1.jpg","2026-03-06T10:37:40","2026-03-06T10:38:14","青銅時代後,巴比倫歷經多個短命王朝,從尼布甲尼撒一世的短暫輝煌到淪為亞述附庸,解讀其蟄伏期的興衰與時代背景。\n",{"id":49,"name":50,"keywords":4,"slug":51,"author":7,"ogImage":52,"isBlog":4,"createDate":53,"updateDate":54,"description":55},"60577df811a341138c9fb6bd7bdb045f","古巴比倫王國滅亡","downfall-of-old-babylonian-empire","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278316887_720_1764148558825_Seals.jpg","2026-03-05T19:35:32","2026-03-05T19:36:07","公元前 1595 年,古巴比倫王國在赫梯入侵、加喜特人滲透及自身內憂下滅亡,雖王國覆滅,但巴比倫文明得以延續。",{"id":57,"name":58,"keywords":4,"slug":59,"author":7,"ogImage":60,"isBlog":4,"createDate":61,"updateDate":62,"description":63},"e2381a65d2c64847a7f2676f900fb320","《漢謨拉比法典》","code-of-hammurabi","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278191829_720_1764138520665_Code_of_Hammurabi.jpg","2026-03-05T15:57:10","2026-03-05T15:57:45","《漢謨拉比法典》是古巴比倫漢謨拉比頒布的成文法,刻於玄武岩石柱,涵蓋社會多領域,是古代近東保存最完好的法律文本。",{"id":65,"name":66,"keywords":4,"slug":67,"author":7,"ogImage":68,"isBlog":4,"createDate":69,"updateDate":70,"description":71},"509949b4a5354c3ab6ef2f92b799d256","沙姆什 - 阿達德一世與亞述王國","shamshi-adad-i-and-assyrian-kingdom","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278144847_720_000173_1762999131031_000173_1710132937266.jpg","2026-03-05T15:18:23","2026-03-05T15:57:31","沙姆什 - 阿達德一世(阿摩利人)攻佔亞述與馬瑞地區,建立亞述王國,掌控兩河流域上游貿易,雖死後帝國崩潰,但為亞述文明奠定基礎。",{"id":73,"name":74,"keywords":4,"slug":75,"author":7,"ogImage":76,"isBlog":4,"createDate":77,"updateDate":78,"description":79},"34e39df252184aa8815f35c6eb150a54","古巴比倫王國","first-babylonian-dynasty","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278113219_720_1764047121010_Cylinder_seal_of_Shulgi.jpg","2026-03-05T15:04:35","2026-03-05T15:05:02","古巴比倫王國由阿摩利人建立,漢謨拉比大帝統一兩河流域、頒布《漢謨拉比法典》,後續歷經多個巴比倫王朝,是兩河流域文明的重要代表。\n",{"id":81,"name":82,"keywords":4,"slug":83,"author":7,"ogImage":84,"isBlog":4,"createDate":85,"updateDate":86,"description":87},"2d7652a378004028bd878952332ba58d","阿摩利人的諸多王國","rise-of-amorites","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277999705_720_1764052116575_Cuneiform_Clay_Tablets_from_Amorite_Kingdom_of_Mari,_1st_Half_of_2nd_Mill._BC.jpg","2026-03-05T14:30:17","2026-03-05T14:30:37","烏爾第三王朝滅亡後,阿摩利人在兩河流域建立眾多王國,形成伊辛、拉爾薩、古巴比倫、亞述等勢力,開啟閃米特主導的新時代。",{"id":89,"name":90,"keywords":4,"slug":91,"author":7,"ogImage":92,"isBlog":4,"createDate":93,"updateDate":94,"description":95},"213ea5a691fc41e1ad791a7e019b462c","烏爾第三王朝","third-dynasty-of-ur","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277824740_720_1764042533754_Sumerian_Cylinder_Seal_of_King_Ur-Nammu.jpg","2026-03-05T13:45:50","2026-03-05T13:46:07","烏爾第三王朝是蘇美爾文明最後的黃金時代,由烏爾納姆建立,統一兩河流域,復興文化與信仰,頒布已知最早成文法典,最終被埃蘭所滅。",{"id":97,"name":98,"keywords":4,"slug":99,"author":7,"ogImage":100,"isBlog":4,"createDate":101,"updateDate":102,"description":103},"28a0e3032e324d8a943143654fa8b140","阿卡德覆滅","downfall-of-akkadian-empire","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277800570_720_1764039150481_stele_of_Naram-Sin.jpg","2026-03-05T13:35:49","2026-03-05T13:36:25","納拉姆辛死後,阿卡德帝國迅速衰落,在內外叛亂與蠻族入侵下滅亡,人類歷史上第一個帝國就此終結,兩河重回城邦時代。",{"id":105,"name":106,"keywords":4,"slug":107,"author":7,"ogImage":108,"isBlog":4,"createDate":109,"updateDate":110,"description":111},"37a8f3ba255846fc878e141afbb90230","薩爾貢與阿卡德帝國","sargon-the-great-akkadian-empire","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277603372_720_1763997605352_Sargon_of_Akkad_and_dignitaries.jpg","2026-03-05T11:56:13","2026-03-05T11:56:50","薩爾貢大帝結束蘇美爾城邦混戰,建立人類歷史上第一個多民族中央集權帝國 -- 阿卡德帝國,統一兩河流域,開創西亞帝國時代。",{"id":113,"name":114,"keywords":4,"slug":115,"author":7,"ogImage":116,"isBlog":4,"createDate":117,"updateDate":117,"description":118},"89e02db998be4b77818bb602e198ecff","人類最早的文明","origin-of-mesopotamian-civilization","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277056630_720_000153_1710133726312.jpg","2026-02-28T10:37:21","人類最早文明誕生在哪裡? 蘇美爾人是誰? 楔形文字、城邦、種族與文明的定義。 本文系統講解兩河流域文明的開端。",{"id":120,"name":121,"keywords":4,"slug":122,"author":7,"ogImage":123,"isBlog":4,"createDate":124,"updateDate":125,"description":126},"67bdd9ec9ed94af1a05060ee9b536525","繩紋文化","jomon-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779869915894_jomon-culture.jpg","2026-05-27T22:08:23","2026-05-27T22:09:00","繩紋文化(Jōmon Culture)是日本列島持續時間最長的史前文化,以繩紋陶器、火焰紋陶器與神秘土偶聞名。 本文系統介紹繩紋文化的年代、社會結構、藝術傳統、繩紋人的起源及其與現代日本人的關係。",{"id":128,"name":129,"keywords":4,"slug":130,"author":7,"ogImage":131,"isBlog":4,"createDate":132,"updateDate":133,"description":134},"e85f3773b7624b34ba0a950c83050f14","末次冰盛期","last-glacial-maximum","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779866970213_last-glacial-maximum3.jpg","2026-05-27T16:11:50","2026-05-27T16:12:42","深度解析距今約2.6萬年前的末次冰盛期(LGM)。 本文將結合米蘭科維奇循環模型,帶您直觀了解海平面下降130米、陸橋裸露後的全球地理巨變,以及極寒環境如何將舊石器晚期智人鍛造為全球擴散的頂級適應者。",{"id":136,"name":137,"keywords":4,"slug":138,"author":7,"ogImage":139,"isBlog":4,"createDate":140,"updateDate":141,"description":142},"3430c1759ae64ef28ee275be703e3ff7","馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化","malta-buret-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276830881_720_1761535507344_Princess_of_Xiaohe2.jpg","2026-02-27T20:06:48","2026-03-12T12:59:20","什麼是馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化? 古代歐亞北部人(ANE)是誰? 本文講解這支 2.4 萬年前的西伯利亞文化、基因貢獻及與小河公主的關係。",{"id":144,"name":145,"keywords":4,"slug":146,"author":7,"ogImage":147,"isBlog":4,"createDate":148,"updateDate":149,"description":150},"ac264b8d3e66438da6607447071ee4c2","北京直立人","homo-erectus-pekinensis","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779777251042_peking-man5.jpg","2026-05-26T15:40:38","2026-05-26T15:40:58","北京直立人(Homo erectus pekinensis)是中國最重要的古人類化石之一。 本文系統介紹北京人的發現歷史、石器工具、生活方式、用火問題,以及其在人類演化和現代東亞人起源爭議中的地位。",1779891380744]