[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":152},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-new-kingdom-of-hittite-zh-tw":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"赫梯新王国","new-kingdom-of-hittite","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278608261_720_1764775261735_Tudhaliya-IV.jpg","article","2026-02-05T16:03:36","2024-05-15T09:06:22",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"赫梯新王國","赫梯新王國:蘇皮魯流馬一世鑄就的近東帝國傳奇","赫梯新王國|蘇皮魯流馬一世 米坦尼征服 赫梯帝國","赫梯,赫梯新王國","## 赫梯「中王國」時期\n\n赫梯的中王國(約公元前 1500 年 - 前 1400 年)大約延續了一個世紀,這段時期沒有發生值得一提的重要事件,遺存下來的資料也很少。 通常中王國被看做是赫梯的一段衰退期,無盡的宮廷血案削弱了王國的實力。 旁邊的米坦尼帝國對虛弱的赫梯虎視眈眈,如果不是因為圖特摩斯三世(Tuthmosis III,約公元前 1479 年 - 前 1425 年)發動了對亞洲的戰爭,牽扯住米坦尼的大部分注意力,赫梯很可能早已亡國。 米坦尼與埃及這兩個 「超級大國」 之間規模宏大的戰爭並沒有一邊倒的結果,這段時期,中東局勢還是主要由米坦尼王國所主導的,但這個霸主肯定慢慢感受到了壓迫性的挑戰,來自赫梯的挑戰。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.30/1764772459101_drinking-cup-in-the-shape-of-a-fist.jpg\" alt=\"拳头形状的酒杯，Tudhaliyas III\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittites\" target=\"_blank\">Hittites\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">拳頭形狀的飲酒杯,非常精美,製造年代可能是在赫梯王圖特哈里三世 (Tudhaliya III,約公元前 1380 年 - 前 1350 年)在位期間,應該是這位國王敬獻給 「天空和風暴」 之神泰舒蔔(Teshub)的貢品。 現藏於波士頓美術博物館。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n## 赫梯「新王國」時期與蘇皮魯流馬一世\n\n赫梯的輝煌誕生於赫梯新王國(約公元前1400年-前1200年)時期,**這時的赫梯變成了一個強大的勢力,已經可以被稱為「赫梯帝國」了**。\n\n新王國時期的第一位國王是圖特哈里一世(Tudhaliya I,公元前1430年-前1400年),他並不是通過「合法」繼承而上位的,但基本符合宮廷內鬥這一赫梯王國的「老傳統」。 依靠政變者的扶持上台後,這位具有雄才大略的君主迅速恢復了王國的穩定,並開始向周邊擴張,帶領著這個一度消沉的國家再次崛起。 在圖特哈里一世的統治下,赫梯首先征服了\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Anatolia\" lon=\"32\" lat=\"39\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">安納托利亞\u003C/span>的南部與西南部,他發動了兩次戰役,基本解除了王國西部的危險環境。\n\n**公元前1344 年,赫梯歷史上最偉大的征服者蘇皮魯流馬一世(suppiluliuma I,公元前 1344 年 - 公元前 1322 年)刺殺了他的兄長後登上王位,隨後開始了他野心勃勃的征戰**。 此時,中東的局勢對這位新王非常有利。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.30/1764770154597_SealSuppiluliuma.svg.png\" alt=\"Royal seal of Suppiluliuma I\" width=\"50%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittites\" target=\"_blank\">Hittites\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">蘇皮魯流馬一世王室印章的複印版,原件出土於\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Ugarit City\" lon=\"35.7833\" lat=\"35.6017\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">烏加里特城\u003C/span>。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n隸屬於米坦尼的亞述此時還只是一個默默無聞的附屬國。 而當時的霸主米坦尼王國則發生了內部動亂,阿爾塔塔馬二世(Artatama II)和圖什拉塔(Tushratta,公元前 1365 年 - 前 1330 年)為了王位進行了你死我活的爭鬥,使得國力迅速下降。 埃及此時也無暇顧及遙遠亞洲地區的事務,因為法老埃赫那吞的 「一神教」 改造和新都的營造耗盡了埃及的資源;而他的後繼者,即著名的傀儡法老圖坦卡蒙統治下的埃及又忙於恢復被埃赫那吞破壞的阿蒙神信仰。 另一個主要王國加喜特巴比倫則實力有限,無法對北方形成有效的影響力。\n\n蘇皮魯流馬一世採取了一系列外交政策來孤立它的近鄰米坦尼,他以聯姻為紐帶和加喜特巴比倫王國建立聯盟,迎娶了巴比倫國王的一位公主;向埃及示好,對埃赫那吞保證不會侵犯埃及在敘利亞的利益;對北方零散的遊牧勢力則毫不留情地進行打擊。\n\n公元前1332 年,經過十餘年韜光養晦的蘇皮魯流馬一世終於對米坦尼動手了,他迅速佔領了\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Aleppo\" lon=\"37.163\" lat=\"36.1993\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">阿勒頗\u003C/span>(Aleppo)以及位於敘利亞的大片土地,將赫梯的邊界擴展到今\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Lebanon\" lon=\"35.8637\" lat=\"33.8736\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">黎巴嫩\u003C/span>區域。 米坦尼隨後組織了規模龐大的軍隊進行反擊,但與赫梯王國的第二次戰役仍然以慘敗告終,赫梯軍隊渡過\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Euphrates River\" lon=\"38.6321\" lat=\"39.183\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">幼發拉底河\u003C/span>後攻占了米坦尼的首都\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Washukanni\" lon=\"40.0701\" lat=\"36.8415\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">瓦蘇卡尼\u003C/span>(Washukanni),並征服了米坦尼的所有附屬國。 米坦尼國王圖什拉塔不得不棄城而逃,最終死於自己兒子之手。 蘇皮魯流馬一世曾經支持的阿爾塔塔馬二世被扶上米坦尼王座,成為附屬於赫梯的傀儡國王。\n\n曾經的強國米坦尼此後便一蹶不振,其附屬國亞述則獲得了重新崛起的機會;不久後,亞述會替換米坦尼的角色,成為赫梯和其他國家的可怕對手。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.30/1764768282122_Map_Hittite_rule_en.svg.png\" alt=\"赫梯帝国疆域\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0uppiluliuma_I\" target=\"_blank\">Šuppiluliuma I\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">蘇皮魯流馬一世統治時期,赫梯帝國的最大疆域。 著名的\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Troy\" lon=\"26.2386\" lat=\"39.9573\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">特洛伊城\u003C/span>(Troy)位於西北角的\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Dardanelles Strait\" lon=\"26.4\" lat=\"40.2\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">達達尼爾海峽\u003C/span>的咽喉處,邁錫尼人與特洛伊的戰爭也將在不久後發生。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.30/1764767662322_Hetite_God_in_Aleppo.jpg\" alt=\"赫梯风暴之神\" width=\"70%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittites\" target=\"_blank\">Hittites\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">赫梯新王國時期,盧維人(Luwian)的風暴之神,和赫梯的主神非常接近。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.30/1764768889815_Hattusa_Bronze_Tablet_Cuneiform.jpg\" alt=\"Kurunta Treaty\" width=\"70%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittites\" target=\"_blank\">Hittites\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">記載了《庫倫塔條約》的一塊青銅銘文,年代為公元前 1235 年,1986 年出土於\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Hattusa City\" lon=\"34.6166\" lat=\"40.0147\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">哈圖薩城\u003C/span>(Hattusa City)。 銘文記載了一份條約,與赫梯王子庫倫塔(Kurunta)相關,他在王位爭奪中支持圖特哈里四世(Tudhaliya IV,公元前 1228 年 - 前 1209 年),而後者承諾將重要城市\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Tarhuntassa City\" lon=\"33.1667\" lat=\"36.8667\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">塔爾胡塔沙\u003C/span>(Tarhuntassa)的統治權授予這位王子和他的後裔作為答謝。 條約還指定了萬神廟中的諸神作為公證人。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n## 參考資料\n\n\n\n《埃及、希腊与罗马 : 古代\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mediterranean Sea\" lon=\"18\" lat=\"34\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"3\">地中海\u003C/span>文明》；查尔斯·弗里曼；李大维 刘亮[译]；民主与建设出版社 2020-9\n\n《世界史的故事》苏珊·怀斯·鲍尔；徐彬[译]；中信出版社 2023-04\n\n《中东的王国和帝国（美国国家地理全球史）》；美国国家地理学会编著；周恒涛[译]；现代出版社 2022-06\n\n《巴比伦尼亚》；[澳大利亚] 特雷弗·布赖斯；赵娜[译]；译林出版社 2022-08\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittites\" target=\"_blank\">Hittites\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hittite\" target=\"_blank\">Hittite\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0uppiluliuma_I\" target=\"_blank\">Šuppiluliuma I\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n","赫梯新王國時期,蘇皮魯流馬一世通過征戰與外交,征服米坦尼、擴張疆域,將赫梯打造成近東強國,奠定赫梯帝國的輝煌根基。","赫梯新王國:蘇皮魯流馬一世的征服與赫梯帝國的崛起","從圖特哈里一世復國強盛,到蘇皮魯流馬一世征服米坦尼,赫梯新王國打破中東格局,成為青銅時代晚期的近東超級大國。","zh-tw",0.7,[24,32,40,48,56,64,72,80,88,96,104,112,120,128,136,144],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":30,"description":31},"bb2d797d78464a3198312321898c28f6","赫梯帝國消亡","fall-of-hittite-empire","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770282891402_720_1765001916884_Sphinx_Gate_Hattusa_01.jpg","2026-03-05T17:08:47","2026-03-05T17:09:06","赫梯帝國在亞述、海上民族及瘟疫打擊下於公元前 1200 年消亡,其冶鐵技術、法典及雙頭鷹標誌,對後世文明影響深遠。",{"id":33,"name":34,"keywords":4,"slug":35,"author":7,"ogImage":36,"isBlog":4,"createDate":37,"updateDate":38,"description":39},"89117384bd884d2eb4edda9cba5e7179","海上民族與青銅時代的崩潰","sea-peoples-and-late-bronze-age-collapse","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770282627794_720_1764939758495_Medinet_Habu_Ramses_III._Tempel_Erster_Hof_(Lepsius)_01.jpg","2026-03-06T10:09:32","2026-03-06T10:10:02","神秘的海上民族席捲地中海世界,摧毀赫梯、衝擊埃及,引發青銅時代文明大崩潰,他們的起源至今仍是未解之謎。",{"id":41,"name":42,"keywords":4,"slug":43,"author":7,"ogImage":44,"isBlog":4,"createDate":45,"updateDate":46,"description":47},"dc9e657feb4a4799bf22e47eb8e51624","米坦尼王國的戰爭與消亡","downfall-of-the-mitanni-kingdom","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770282602904_720_1764992572157_Cylinder_seal_1500–1350_BC_Mitanni.jpg","2026-03-06T09:58:23","2026-03-06T09:58:58","米坦尼王國在埃及與赫梯夾縫中爭霸敘利亞,最終被赫梯擊敗、亞述滅亡,成為古代近東格局轉折的關鍵。",{"id":49,"name":50,"keywords":4,"slug":51,"author":7,"ogImage":52,"isBlog":4,"createDate":53,"updateDate":54,"description":55},"a22f50d0d79a484782048628a53257bb","卡迭石戰役與《銀板和約》","battle-of-kadesh-and-silver-treaty","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770282576390_720_1765523533834_Treaty-of-Kadesh.jpg","2026-03-06T09:29:42","2026-03-06T09:30:01","卡迭石戰役后埃及與赫梯簽訂《銀板和約》,這是人類歷史上最早有文字記載的國際和平條約,深刻影響古代近東格局。",{"id":57,"name":58,"keywords":4,"slug":59,"author":7,"ogImage":60,"isBlog":4,"createDate":61,"updateDate":62,"description":63},"e95c775480f547f9b889c30cf3d785cc","《鐵列平敕令》","telepinu-proclamation","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278424562_720_1764160453480_Telepinu-Proclamation.jpg","2026-03-05T20:04:53","2026-03-05T20:05:18","赫梯王室內鬥頻發,鐵列平頒布《鐵列平敕令》規範王位繼承、限制王權,雖歷史意義深遠,卻未能阻止宮廷殺戮。\n",{"id":65,"name":66,"keywords":4,"slug":67,"author":7,"ogImage":68,"isBlog":4,"createDate":69,"updateDate":70,"description":71},"14c8856e4a0d415e90c894fd4601ae6d","赫梯古王國","hattusili-i-and-hittites","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278240655_720_000177_1710124591606.jpg","2026-03-05T16:39:11","2026-03-05T16:39:54","赫梯古王國是小亞細亞半島的古代文明,以先進冶鐵技術聞名,哈圖西里一世建立王國,穆爾西里一世滅亡古巴比倫第一王朝,奠定赫梯崛起基礎。",{"id":73,"name":74,"keywords":4,"slug":75,"author":7,"ogImage":76,"isBlog":4,"createDate":77,"updateDate":78,"description":79},"846f9f44e2574ceba3ded445afa9974b","梅加拉亞期","meghalayan-age","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277703606_720_1764218014746_climate-change.jpg","2026-03-05T12:11:17","2026-03-05T12:11:48","梅加拉亞期是全新世最新分期,始於約 4200 年前全球性乾旱氣候事件,深刻影響古埃及、兩河、印度河、中國等早期文明興衰。",{"id":81,"name":82,"keywords":4,"slug":83,"author":7,"ogImage":84,"isBlog":4,"createDate":85,"updateDate":86,"description":87},"67bdd9ec9ed94af1a05060ee9b536525","繩紋文化","jomon-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779869915894_jomon-culture.jpg","2026-05-27T22:08:23","2026-05-27T22:09:00","繩紋文化(Jōmon Culture)是日本列島持續時間最長的史前文化,以繩紋陶器、火焰紋陶器與神秘土偶聞名。 本文系統介紹繩紋文化的年代、社會結構、藝術傳統、繩紋人的起源及其與現代日本人的關係。",{"id":89,"name":90,"keywords":4,"slug":91,"author":7,"ogImage":92,"isBlog":4,"createDate":93,"updateDate":94,"description":95},"e85f3773b7624b34ba0a950c83050f14","末次冰盛期","last-glacial-maximum","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779866970213_last-glacial-maximum3.jpg","2026-05-27T16:11:50","2026-05-27T16:12:42","深度解析距今約2.6萬年前的末次冰盛期(LGM)。 本文將結合米蘭科維奇循環模型,帶您直觀了解海平面下降130米、陸橋裸露後的全球地理巨變,以及極寒環境如何將舊石器晚期智人鍛造為全球擴散的頂級適應者。",{"id":97,"name":98,"keywords":4,"slug":99,"author":7,"ogImage":100,"isBlog":4,"createDate":101,"updateDate":102,"description":103},"3430c1759ae64ef28ee275be703e3ff7","馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化","malta-buret-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276830881_720_1761535507344_Princess_of_Xiaohe2.jpg","2026-02-27T20:06:48","2026-03-12T12:59:20","什麼是馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化? 古代歐亞北部人(ANE)是誰? 本文講解這支 2.4 萬年前的西伯利亞文化、基因貢獻及與小河公主的關係。",{"id":105,"name":106,"keywords":4,"slug":107,"author":7,"ogImage":108,"isBlog":4,"createDate":109,"updateDate":110,"description":111},"ac264b8d3e66438da6607447071ee4c2","北京直立人","homo-erectus-pekinensis","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779777251042_peking-man5.jpg","2026-05-26T15:40:38","2026-05-26T15:40:58","北京直立人(Homo erectus pekinensis)是中國最重要的古人類化石之一。 本文系統介紹北京人的發現歷史、石器工具、生活方式、用火問題,以及其在人類演化和現代東亞人起源爭議中的地位。",{"id":113,"name":114,"keywords":4,"slug":115,"author":7,"ogImage":116,"isBlog":4,"createDate":117,"updateDate":118,"description":119},"0ecc0752e901485383ef2f8f6dd974cd","克洛維斯文化","clovis-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779775149260_clovis-culture-background.jpg","2026-05-26T17:10:54","2026-05-26T17:11:52","深度解析北美舊石器時代晚期的克洛維斯文化。 探索精美絕倫的燕尾槽石矛工藝,反思「克洛維斯第一」假說的顛覆,並揭秘新仙女木期氣候驟變與人類圍獵如何共同終結了北美猛獁象與乳齒象的巨獸時代。",{"id":121,"name":122,"keywords":4,"slug":123,"author":7,"ogImage":124,"isBlog":4,"createDate":125,"updateDate":126,"description":127},"683d1a08052e40edb630405652eb52bf","人類進入美洲大陸","humans-entered-the-new-world","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276871277_720_1761549850669_fossilized-footprints32.jpg","2026-02-27T21:18:30","2026-03-04T22:23:21","人類何時進入美洲? 白令陸橋如何形成? 白沙腳印、蒙特韋德、克洛維斯文化分別證明了什麼? 本文系統梳理人類拓殖美洲的完整歷史。",{"id":129,"name":130,"keywords":4,"slug":131,"author":7,"ogImage":132,"isBlog":4,"createDate":133,"updateDate":134,"description":135},"3e4128c6ce5045ea9a7832a51bc328a2","莫斯特文化","mousterian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779776644371_mousterian52.jpg","2026-05-26T16:50:31","2026-05-26T16:51:43","莫斯特文化(Mousterian)是舊石器時代中期最重要的石器工業之一,與尼安德特人密切相關。 本文系統介紹莫斯特文化的起源、勒瓦婁哇技術、工具特點、主要遺址,以及其在人類演化史中的重要地位。",{"id":137,"name":138,"keywords":4,"slug":139,"author":7,"ogImage":140,"isBlog":4,"createDate":141,"updateDate":142,"description":143},"fae2bb675a97427e97f33bd0085faa79","最早的車輪和犁","invention-of-wheels-and-plough","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277127559_720_1762914174723_1599px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg","2026-02-28T15:01:18","2026-03-04T22:26:58","車輪和犁最早在哪裡發明? 蘇美爾人如何從製陶輪走向車輪與犁耕? 本文講透人類兩大關鍵技術的起源與影響。\n",{"id":145,"name":146,"keywords":4,"slug":147,"author":7,"ogImage":148,"isBlog":4,"createDate":149,"updateDate":150,"description":151},"26b859c8750d4187a9b2bc105417dc69","阿舍利文化","acheulean-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779440045036_acheulean52.jpg","2026-05-22T21:28:33","2026-05-22T21:28:51","阿舍利文化(Acheulean)是史前人類技術文明的重大飛躍。 本文全面解密距今170萬至20萬年前的「模式-2」石器工業,帶你探索兼具兩面打製與對稱美學的「遠古瑞士軍刀」手斧,以及直立人跨越非歐亞大陸的生存智慧。",1779891380772]