[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":152},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-neo-elamite-period-zh-tw":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"新埃兰时期与文明的消亡","neo-elamite-period","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290418284_720_1765426853042_Assyria.jpg","article","2026-03-18T20:56:48","2025-12-11T11:26:42",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"新埃蘭時期與文明的消亡","新埃蘭的黃昏:亞述的烈火與波斯帝國的黎明","新埃蘭時期歷史:亞述巴尼拔如何毀滅蘇薩與埃蘭文明的消亡","埃蘭,亞述巴尼拔","## 新埃蘭時期\n\n「新埃蘭時期」的存續年代約為公元前 1100 年至公元前 600 年。 整體上來說,這是一個國力衰敗、四分五裂的時期,也是延續了兩千多年的埃蘭文明走向終結的時期。 在亞述帝國的殘酷征服下,埃蘭作為獨立的政治勢力,逐漸被周邊興起的新族群所替代。\n\n新埃蘭時期可以被分為三個階段,其中新埃蘭Ⅰ期(公元前1100-前770年)的文獻記載和考古發現都十分有限。 當時埃蘭可能與巴比倫等國結盟,共同對抗過新亞述帝國,但是以失敗告終。 這一時期的埃蘭在超級強權亞述帝國的衝擊之下破敗不堪,很難維系國家統一的局面。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000201/000201_1719366633300.jpg\" alt=\"亚述巴尼拔军队与埃兰人作战\" width=\"80%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/image/356951001\" target=\"_blank\">大英博物館\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">亞述巴尼拔軍隊與埃蘭人作戰的場景浮雕。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000201/000201_1719366729291.png\" alt=\"埃兰弓箭手奋力保护受伤的埃兰国王图曼\" width=\"80%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/image/234663001\" target=\"_blank\">大英博物館\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">埃蘭弓箭手奮力保護受傷的埃蘭國王圖曼(Teumman,公元前664年-前653年),圖中半跪者。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000201/000201_1719366853569.jpg\" alt=\"亚述击败埃兰\" width=\"70%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/image/234663001\" target=\"_blank\">大英博物館\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">提爾圖巴戰役(Battle of Til-Tuba)浮雕局部圖,顯示亞述人擊敗埃蘭人的畫面。 亞述人從左邊進攻,埃蘭國王圖曼(Teumman)和他的兒子 Tammaritu 被殘暴的亞述人俘獲並處決。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n到了新埃蘭Ⅱ期(公元前770-前646年),日漸衰微的埃蘭王國又受到了從東方日漸興起的波斯人帶來的威脅。 大約公元前 700 年,作為印歐語系印度-伊朗語族(俗稱「雅利安人」)支系的波斯人以安善 (Shan) 為中心,建立了波斯王國的前身, 雖然仍受到埃蘭的製約, 但已經越來越具有獨立傾向。 同一時期,亞述仍舊持續不斷地打擊埃蘭,亞述巴尼拔王(Ashurbanipal,前668-約前630年)對埃蘭進行了三次大規模的征伐,攻占了多個\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Elam City\" lon=\"52\" lat=\"29\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">埃蘭城\u003C/span>市,蘇薩也在公元前 647 年的戰爭中被亞述軍隊洗劫。\n\n亞述巴尼拔還命人在一座浮雕上刻下了他的 「榮譽」:\n\n> 一個月零二十五天的征服\n我將埃蘭各省化為廢墟\n我消滅了這裡的人聲、犬吠與啼鳴\n鳥兒的歌聲也停止了\n從此,野獸可以在這裡平靜地生活\n\u003Cbr>\n> -- 亞述巴尼拔\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000201/000201_1719366910704.png\" alt=\"亚述巴尼拔洗劫苏萨\" width=\"70%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/144/destruction-of-susa/\" target=\"_blank\">World history\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">這幅浮雕描繪了公元前 647 年,亞述巴尼拔攻打並洗劫\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Susa City\" lon=\"48.2436\" lat=\"32.1942\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">蘇薩城\u003C/span>(Susa)的場景。 火焰從城中升起,亞述士兵用鎬和撬拆除了城市的防禦,將這座幾千年歷史的古城夷為平地。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n## 埃蘭文明的消亡\n\n在歷史古城蘇薩被毀滅的同時,波斯人也完全控制了埃蘭東部的\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Fars Province\" lon=\"53.0459\" lat=\"29.1044\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">法爾斯\u003C/span>(Fars)地區,使之變成了波斯王國的核心統治區。 至此,埃蘭人便永遠失去了獨立國家的地位。 也許亞述巴尼拔真的消亡了這裡的「話語」,此後關於埃蘭的歷史記錄極少,讓後續的新埃蘭時期只剩下一曲輓歌。\n\n約公元前 539 年,古老的\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Susa City\" lon=\"48.2436\" lat=\"32.1942\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">蘇薩城\u003C/span>最後一次從埃蘭人手中淪陷。 波斯人占領了蘇薩,讓埃蘭淪為了阿契美尼德王朝的一個行省。 以後,這片土地還會迎來更為輝煌的時代,但參與者不會是埃蘭人了,他們長達兩千餘年的歷史已經結束了。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000201/000201_1719367427147.jpg\" alt=\"新埃兰时期的浮雕\" width=\"70%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam#Old_Elamite_period_(c._2700_%E2%80%93_c._1500_BC)\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">新埃蘭時期的浮雕,一位貴婦在背後侍者的服侍下進餐,桌子上有一條很大的魚,從坐姿來看,她應該很享受這頓美餐。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000201/000201_1719367284386.png\" alt=\"新埃兰时期的黄金环状器物\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/arjan-tomb#prettyPhoto\" target=\"_blank\">Iranica online\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Arjan Site\" lon=\"50.2741\" lat=\"30.6539\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Arjan 遺址\u003C/span>是一處埃蘭墓葬,位於\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"The Persian Gulf\" lon=\"51.5418\" lat=\"26.9028\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">波斯灣\u003C/span>附近\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Marun River\" lon=\"49.6033\" lat=\"31.075\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">馬倫河\u003C/span>(Marun River)邊。 墓室由石板砌成,內有一具帶有亞述風格的青銅棺,棺外的隨葬品十分豐富,包括大量的紡織品和金屬器,比如青銅燈柱和裝飾精美的碗(後邊介紹)等。 此外,還發現了圖中這件製作精美的黃金環狀器物,出土於墓主胸前部位,具體用處不明。 器物兩側分別製成圓片狀,刻有相同的圖案:兩頭兇猛的格里芬(griffin)面對面站立在一個台基之上,中間有一顆棕櫚樹,圖像外圍飾一圈套索狀紋飾,整體呈圖章狀。 目前珍藏於德黑蘭伊朗國家博物館。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000201/000201_1719367329238.png\" alt=\"造型独特的新埃兰时期墓葬烛台\" width=\"80%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/arjan-tomb#prettyPhoto\" target=\"_blank\">Iranica online\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Arjan Site\" lon=\"50.2741\" lat=\"30.6539\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Arjan 遺址\u003C/span>出土的燭台,高度約 75 厘米,製作精美,造型非常獨特。 燭台整體可分為三個獨立部分,上方由六隻獅子支撐起一個小平台;底座上有三個手臂高舉的人物形象組成的三角形,他們舉起的手分別被焊接在三頭獅子的前臂上,獅子則站立在組成三角形框架的公牛的背上。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.33/1765441225322_A_Replica_of_Arjan_bowl.jpg\" alt=\"Arjan bow\" width=\"80%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjan_bowl\" target=\"_blank\">Arjan bowl\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Arjan Site\" lon=\"50.2741\" lat=\"30.6539\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Arjan 遺址\u003C/span>出土的一件新埃蘭時期陪葬青銅碗(複製品),該墓葬年代大約為公元前630-前550年。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.33/1765443134259_164557558.jpg\" alt=\"Arjan bowl and 2020 Olympic\" width=\"50%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.irna.ir/news/84262138/Arjan-trophy-Iranian-Olympics-Team-s-symbol-in-Tokyo-2020\" target=\"_blank\">Arjan trophy, Iranian Olympics Team's symbol in Tokyo 2020\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">Arjan青銅碗被選為伊朗在東京2020年奧運會的象徵。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n埃蘭人主導的王國時代雖然一去不復返,但他們所創造的文化最終被征服者所接受,成為波斯文化的一部分,繼續在整個近東地區產生影響。 雖然屬於不同的族群,但繼承了埃蘭文明的波斯人不久後便創造出古代世界最令人印象深刻的文明和最偉大的帝國之一,影響直到今天依然經久不衰。 顯然,作為繼承者,波斯的成就離不開埃蘭文明的熏陶。\n\n## 參考資料\n\n\n\n《伊朗四千年》；[伊朗]霍昌·纳哈万迪 [法]伊夫·博马提；安宁[译]；湖南文艺出版社；2021-07\n\n《世界史的故事》苏珊·怀斯·鲍尔；徐彬[译]；中信出版社 2023-04\n\n《中东的王国和帝国（美国国家地理全球史）》；美国国家地理学会编著；周恒涛[译]；现代出版社 2022-06\n\n《巴比伦尼亚》；[澳大利亚] 特雷弗·布赖斯；赵娜[译]；译林出版社 2022-08\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam\" target=\"_blank\">Elam\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n\n","公元前1100年至600年,新埃蘭時期見證了兩千年埃蘭文明的終結。 本文詳述亞述帝國的殘酷征服、蘇薩城的毀滅,以及波斯人如何繼承埃蘭遺產並建立阿契美尼德王朝,還原近東霸權更迭的真實史詩。","當鳥兒停止歌唱:亞述鐵蹄下,埃蘭文明的最後掙扎","從四分五裂到亞述屠城,再到波斯崛起,埃蘭文明在新埃蘭時期走完最後歷程,最終融入波斯文明的血脈。","zh-tw",0.7,[24,32,40,48,56,64,72,80,88,96,104,112,120,128,136,144],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":30,"description":31},"c95a3540107249f0915fcb3daa6a989c","亞述巴尼拔","ashurbanipal","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290515108_720_1765955683708_Ashurbanipal2.jpg","2026-02-26T00:18:50","2026-03-12T12:57:22","亞述巴尼拔是亞述帝國最後一位強大君主,征服埃及、血洗埃蘭、建立世界最早的系統性圖書館,見證帝國從巔峰走向滅亡。",{"id":33,"name":34,"keywords":4,"slug":35,"author":7,"ogImage":36,"isBlog":4,"createDate":37,"updateDate":38,"description":39},"f8304c66f2b045f7a815f7ea2099a720","亞述帝國滅亡","fall-of-the-assyrian-empire","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290720458_720_1765958465332_assyrian-sculpture2.jpg","2026-03-06T20:52:27","2026-03-06T20:52:56","亞述巴尼拔死後,帝國迅速衰落,米底與新巴比倫聯軍攻破尼尼微,屠城焚都,盛極一時的亞述帝國徹底滅亡,開啟近東新格局。",{"id":41,"name":42,"keywords":4,"slug":43,"author":7,"ogImage":44,"isBlog":4,"createDate":45,"updateDate":46,"description":47},"cccdabf120e54b7ea599ac791619c3e8","中埃蘭時期","middle-elamite-period","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278576852_720_000188_1718268471160.jpg","2026-03-05T21:01:40","2026-03-05T21:02:00","中埃蘭時期(前 1500 - 前 1100 年)歷經三大王朝,推進埃蘭化,滅亡加喜特巴比倫,留下恰高・占比爾神廟等重要遺跡。",{"id":49,"name":50,"keywords":4,"slug":51,"author":7,"ogImage":52,"isBlog":4,"createDate":53,"updateDate":54,"description":55},"735cbe8a3d52422c9f599328badea751","古埃蘭時期","old-elamite-period","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277561190_720_000188_1718267315880.jpg","2026-03-05T11:35:27","2026-03-05T11:36:22","古埃蘭時期(公元前 2700 年 - 前 1600 年)以蘇薩城為核心,歷經阿萬、西馬什、埃帕爾提等王朝,與兩河流域城邦征戰不斷、貿易交融,推動西亞早期文明發展。",{"id":57,"name":58,"keywords":4,"slug":59,"author":7,"ogImage":60,"isBlog":4,"createDate":61,"updateDate":62,"description":63},"aa4d67015335483583b97ecb55efaa3d","埃蘭文明萌芽","embryonic-stage-of-elamite-civilization","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277241115_720_000188_1718266668615.jpg","2026-03-05T10:57:51","2026-03-05T10:58:09","埃蘭是伊朗高原最古老的原生文明,起源可追溯至公元前 6000 年,以蘇薩為中心,與兩河文明長期互動,是波斯帝國之前西亞最重要的文明之一。",{"id":65,"name":66,"keywords":4,"slug":67,"author":7,"ogImage":68,"isBlog":4,"createDate":69,"updateDate":70,"description":71},"67bdd9ec9ed94af1a05060ee9b536525","繩紋文化","jomon-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779869915894_jomon-culture.jpg","2026-05-27T22:08:23","2026-05-27T22:09:00","繩紋文化(Jōmon Culture)是日本列島持續時間最長的史前文化,以繩紋陶器、火焰紋陶器與神秘土偶聞名。 本文系統介紹繩紋文化的年代、社會結構、藝術傳統、繩紋人的起源及其與現代日本人的關係。",{"id":73,"name":74,"keywords":4,"slug":75,"author":7,"ogImage":76,"isBlog":4,"createDate":77,"updateDate":78,"description":79},"e85f3773b7624b34ba0a950c83050f14","末次冰盛期","last-glacial-maximum","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779866970213_last-glacial-maximum3.jpg","2026-05-27T16:11:50","2026-05-27T16:12:42","深度解析距今約2.6萬年前的末次冰盛期(LGM)。 本文將結合米蘭科維奇循環模型,帶您直觀了解海平面下降130米、陸橋裸露後的全球地理巨變,以及極寒環境如何將舊石器晚期智人鍛造為全球擴散的頂級適應者。",{"id":81,"name":82,"keywords":4,"slug":83,"author":7,"ogImage":84,"isBlog":4,"createDate":85,"updateDate":86,"description":87},"3430c1759ae64ef28ee275be703e3ff7","馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化","malta-buret-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276830881_720_1761535507344_Princess_of_Xiaohe2.jpg","2026-02-27T20:06:48","2026-03-12T12:59:20","什麼是馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化? 古代歐亞北部人(ANE)是誰? 本文講解這支 2.4 萬年前的西伯利亞文化、基因貢獻及與小河公主的關係。",{"id":89,"name":90,"keywords":4,"slug":91,"author":7,"ogImage":92,"isBlog":4,"createDate":93,"updateDate":94,"description":95},"ac264b8d3e66438da6607447071ee4c2","北京直立人","homo-erectus-pekinensis","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779777251042_peking-man5.jpg","2026-05-26T15:40:38","2026-05-26T15:40:58","北京直立人(Homo erectus pekinensis)是中國最重要的古人類化石之一。 本文系統介紹北京人的發現歷史、石器工具、生活方式、用火問題,以及其在人類演化和現代東亞人起源爭議中的地位。",{"id":97,"name":98,"keywords":4,"slug":99,"author":7,"ogImage":100,"isBlog":4,"createDate":101,"updateDate":102,"description":103},"0ecc0752e901485383ef2f8f6dd974cd","克洛維斯文化","clovis-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779775149260_clovis-culture-background.jpg","2026-05-26T17:10:54","2026-05-26T17:11:52","深度解析北美舊石器時代晚期的克洛維斯文化。 探索精美絕倫的燕尾槽石矛工藝,反思「克洛維斯第一」假說的顛覆,並揭秘新仙女木期氣候驟變與人類圍獵如何共同終結了北美猛獁象與乳齒象的巨獸時代。",{"id":105,"name":106,"keywords":4,"slug":107,"author":7,"ogImage":108,"isBlog":4,"createDate":109,"updateDate":110,"description":111},"683d1a08052e40edb630405652eb52bf","人類進入美洲大陸","humans-entered-the-new-world","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276871277_720_1761549850669_fossilized-footprints32.jpg","2026-02-27T21:18:30","2026-03-04T22:23:21","人類何時進入美洲? 白令陸橋如何形成? 白沙腳印、蒙特韋德、克洛維斯文化分別證明了什麼? 本文系統梳理人類拓殖美洲的完整歷史。",{"id":113,"name":114,"keywords":4,"slug":115,"author":7,"ogImage":116,"isBlog":4,"createDate":117,"updateDate":118,"description":119},"3e4128c6ce5045ea9a7832a51bc328a2","莫斯特文化","mousterian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779776644371_mousterian52.jpg","2026-05-26T16:50:31","2026-05-26T16:51:43","莫斯特文化(Mousterian)是舊石器時代中期最重要的石器工業之一,與尼安德特人密切相關。 本文系統介紹莫斯特文化的起源、勒瓦婁哇技術、工具特點、主要遺址,以及其在人類演化史中的重要地位。",{"id":121,"name":122,"keywords":4,"slug":123,"author":7,"ogImage":124,"isBlog":4,"createDate":125,"updateDate":126,"description":127},"fae2bb675a97427e97f33bd0085faa79","最早的車輪和犁","invention-of-wheels-and-plough","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277127559_720_1762914174723_1599px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg","2026-02-28T15:01:18","2026-03-04T22:26:58","車輪和犁最早在哪裡發明? 蘇美爾人如何從製陶輪走向車輪與犁耕? 本文講透人類兩大關鍵技術的起源與影響。\n",{"id":129,"name":130,"keywords":4,"slug":131,"author":7,"ogImage":132,"isBlog":4,"createDate":133,"updateDate":134,"description":135},"26b859c8750d4187a9b2bc105417dc69","阿舍利文化","acheulean-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779440045036_acheulean52.jpg","2026-05-22T21:28:33","2026-05-22T21:28:51","阿舍利文化(Acheulean)是史前人類技術文明的重大飛躍。 本文全面解密距今170萬至20萬年前的「模式-2」石器工業,帶你探索兼具兩面打製與對稱美學的「遠古瑞士軍刀」手斧,以及直立人跨越非歐亞大陸的生存智慧。",{"id":137,"name":138,"keywords":4,"slug":139,"author":7,"ogImage":140,"isBlog":4,"createDate":141,"updateDate":142,"description":143},"66819a421b1640618f188698d57077b2","奧杜威文化","oldowan-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779440030720_oldowan-culture-background2.jpg","2026-05-22T21:03:39","2026-05-22T21:06:21","奧杜威文化(Oldowan)是人類歷史上首個有意識、標準化的工具製作模式。 本文全面解析距今260萬至170萬年前的「模式-1」石器工業,帶你探訪東非奧杜威峽谷、格魯吉亞德馬尼西及中國西侯度等見證人類技術黎明的史前遺址。",{"id":145,"name":146,"keywords":4,"slug":147,"author":7,"ogImage":148,"isBlog":4,"createDate":149,"updateDate":150,"description":151},"397fdaa317044fa992bff0a464b61917","","hamburgian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779436529399_hamburgian.jpg","2026-05-22T15:36:23","2026-05-22T15:39:18","本文帶你走進舊石器時代晚期的漢堡文化(Hamburgian)。 探索這群活躍於1.5萬年前北歐平原的冰緣狩獵採集者,如何靠精湛的肩狀石尖器與捕獵馴鹿在寒冷冰期末期生存與演化。",1779891379796]