[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":152},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-fifth-dynasty-of-egypt-zh-tw":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"埃及第五王朝","fifth-dynasty-of-egypt","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277441764_720_000166_1710145220069.jpg","article","2026-02-05T15:44:08","2023-12-29T12:40:33",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"古埃及第五王朝","古埃及第五王朝,太陽神信仰開始興盛的時代","古埃及第五王朝 | 太陽神拉崇拜、金字塔文與烏納斯金字塔","埃及第五王朝,太陽神拉,古王國,金字塔文","## 古埃及第五王朝\n\n古埃及第五王朝(約前2494年-前2345年)延續了約 150 年。 該王朝以對太陽神的崇拜為特徵。 在一些埃及原始文獻裡,尤其是在威斯特卡紙莎草(le récit du papyrus Westcar)中的敘述中,能夠看到有關第四王朝和第五王朝之間政權更迭的記述。\n\n古埃及第五王朝的首位國王是烏瑟卡夫(Userkaf,約前2498-前2487)。 人們對這位國王知之甚少,他的身世至今仍是個謎。 烏瑟卡夫可能並非皇室血統,他娶了國王孟卡拉(Menkaure)的女兒公主肯特卡維斯一世(Khentkawes),從而獲得了登基的權力。 也許是為了強化統治的合法性,他宣稱自己是太陽神「拉」(Re)的後裔,並引入了\"拉之子\"(sA-ra)的王室稱號。**從這一時期開始,對太陽神拉的崇拜開始向整個埃及蔓延**。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000166/000166_1710145200040.png\" alt=\"第五王朝的九位国王\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"http://narmer.pl/dyn/05en.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Narmer\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">第五王朝的九位國王,依次為:烏瑟卡夫(Userkaf)、薩胡拉(Sahure)、內弗爾卡拉·卡凱(Neferirkare I Kakai)、舍普塞斯卡爾(Shepseskare)、奈弗力弗拉(Neferefre/Reneferef )、紐塞拉(Niuserre)、門考胡爾(Menkauhor)、傑德卡拉・伊塞西(Djedkare Isesi),烏納斯(Unas)。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n在這些國王中,我們需要提一下奈弗力弗拉(Neferefre,約前2448-前2445)。**儘管他並非具有重大影響力的君主,但他是目前已知第一位留存有木乃伊遺存的國王**。 古埃及人篤信人死後,其靈魂不會消亡,仍會依附在屍體或雕像上,所以法老死後,遺體均會被製成木乃伊。 奈弗力弗拉的木乃伊就埋藏在他金字塔墓室的瓦礫之下。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000166/000166_1762997598961_000166_1710145205901.jpg\" alt=\"Neferefre Pyramid\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://www.ancient-egypt.org/history/old-kingdom/5th-dynasty/neferefre/pyramid-complex-of-neferefr.html\" target=\"_blank\">Ancient Egypt\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">左圖就是埋葬第五王朝的第五位國王奈弗力弗拉(Neferefre)的\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Neferefre Pyramid\" lon=\"31.2017\" lat=\"29.8939\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"8\">奈弗力弗拉金字塔\u003C/span>(並未完工)。 考古學家在其中找到了一些木乃伊碎片,包括完整的左手。 解剖學結論似乎表明,這個木乃伊屬於一個20到23歲的男性,通過包括墓中的銘文等輔助證據,學者普遍認為這些遺骨極可能屬於國王奈弗勒弗拉本人。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n另外值得一提的國王是烏納斯(Unas,約前2375-前2345),也是第五王朝最後一位君主。 他的金字塔規模很小,高度只有 40 多米,不過在他的墓葬中,考古學家發現了世界上最早的王室宗教銘文,即**著名的金字塔文**。 金字塔文在隨後的第六王朝中比較盛行,在許多金字塔中都有發現。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000166/000166_1762997635525_000166_1710145215105.jpg\" alt=\"Unas Pyramid\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"http://ancient-egypt.org/history/old-kingdom/5th-dynasty/unas/pyramid-complex-of-unas/pyramid-of-unas.html\" target=\"_blank\">Ancient Egypt\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Unas Pyramid\" lon=\"31.2088\" lat=\"29.8677\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"8\">烏納斯金字塔\u003C/span>(Unas),以及內部裝飾精美的陵寢。 另外,金字塔文是圍繞這座金字塔最重要的發現。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n這些金字塔文主要由\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Heliopolis\" lon=\"31.3043\" lat=\"30.1292\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">赫利奧波利斯\u003C/span>(Heliopolis,太陽城,古埃及最重要的宗教聖地之一,也是古埃及三大神學體系的起源地之一)的祭司整理編寫。 其內容包含為已故國王祈福的文句,例如祈禱死去的國王能夠沿著金字塔的階梯、追隨陽光升入天國。 這些祈福咒語旨在確保法老的復活與永生。 例如在烏納斯的金字塔文中就出現了這樣的字句:「**烏納斯沒有死,烏納斯已然復活**」。\n\n除對已故國王的祈禱外,銘文內容還涵蓋:神話傳說、當時的天文學與宇宙觀、宗教儀式、祭祀、巫術、道德觀念、地理記載、歷史事件等,金字塔文是極為珍貴的歷史文獻。 到了中王國時代,金字塔文被棺文所取代。 不少學者認為,金字塔文是後世著名的《亡靈書》的雛形與源頭。\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Unas Pyramid\" lon=\"31.2088\" lat=\"29.8677\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"8\">烏納斯金字塔\u003C/span>文本,對於研究古埃及宗教、神話與語言的學者而言是核心史料,它們被用於重建古埃及人的信仰體系與儀式實踐,幫助我們更深刻地理解古埃及宗教思想的發展脈絡。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000166/000166_1710145220069.png\" alt=\"金字塔铭文\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"http://maat.sofiatopia.org/wenis6.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Maat.sofiatopia.org\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">金字塔文的部分片段,出土於\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Unas Pyramid\" lon=\"31.2088\" lat=\"29.8677\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"8\">烏納斯金字塔\u003C/span>。 金字塔文是一組古埃及宗教咒語與祈禱文,被公認為古埃及歷史上最古老的成套宗教文獻之一,年代可追溯至公元前 25 世紀後半葉。\n\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n金字塔的修建在第四王朝達到頂峰,龐大工程的背後是國家強大的資源調動能力;因此,第五、第六王朝金字塔規模的普遍縮小,也預示著古埃及國力的逐漸衰退。 這一時期最高的建築是\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Neferirkare Kakai Pyramid\" lon=\"31.2015\" lat=\"29.8903\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"8\">內弗爾卡拉金字塔\u003C/span>(Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai),其原始高度僅為 72 米(現存約 50 米),而其他多數金字塔的原始高度也僅在 50 米上下。 此外,這一時期修建金字塔的工程技術與組織方式也發生了較為明顯的變化。\n\n## 參考資料\n\n\n\n《埃及史》王泰 郭子林；商务印书馆 2022-06\n\n《古埃及兴亡史（全三册）》美国国家地理学会编著；董馨阳 杨依 李青芝[译]；现代出版社 2022-01\n\n《埃及7000年》； [埃及] 杰森 · 汤普森；刘梦迪[译]； 浙江人民出版社 2024-01\n\n《世界史的故事》苏珊·怀斯·鲍尔；徐彬[译]；中信出版社 2023-04\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt\" target=\"_blank\">Ancient Egypt\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n","古埃及第五王朝是太陽神拉信仰興盛的時代,烏瑟卡夫確立 「拉之子」 王銜,烏納斯金字塔出土最早的金字塔文,金字塔規模縮小預示國力衰退。\n","古埃及第五王朝:太陽神信仰崛起與最早的金字塔文誕生","第五王朝以崇拜太陽神拉為核心,烏瑟卡夫開創王權神授新傳統,烏納斯金字塔保存世界最早宗教文本金字塔文,見證古王國由盛轉衰。","zh-tw",0.7,[24,32,40,48,56,64,72,80,88,96,104,112,120,128,136,144],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":30,"description":31},"14c8856e4a0d415e90c894fd4601ae6d","赫梯古王國","hattusili-i-and-hittites","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278240655_720_000177_1710124591606.jpg","2026-03-05T16:39:11","2026-03-05T16:39:54","赫梯古王國是小亞細亞半島的古代文明,以先進冶鐵技術聞名,哈圖西里一世建立王國,穆爾西里一世滅亡古巴比倫第一王朝,奠定赫梯崛起基礎。",{"id":33,"name":34,"keywords":4,"slug":35,"author":7,"ogImage":36,"isBlog":4,"createDate":37,"updateDate":38,"description":39},"143ae647100d45189671744da1dce245","埃及第六王朝","sixth-dynasty-of-egypt","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277637156_720_000166_1762997740257_000166_1710146399374.jpg","2026-03-03T11:07:23","2026-03-03T11:58:38","埃及第六王朝是古王國最後一個王朝,特提、佩皮一世、超長統治的佩皮二世,中央集權衰落、地方勢力崛起,疊加氣候災難,最終導致古王國崩潰。\n",{"id":41,"name":42,"keywords":4,"slug":43,"author":7,"ogImage":44,"isBlog":4,"createDate":45,"updateDate":46,"description":47},"e627f381404e4d42a2042d3c20a0d659","埃及第四王朝","fourth-dynasty-of-egypt","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277346674_720_000166_1710145183684.jpg","2026-03-03T00:31:08","2026-03-03T00:31:52","埃及第四王朝是古埃及古王國的黃金時代,以斯尼夫魯的金字塔革新、胡夫大金字塔、哈夫拉金字塔與獅身人面像為標誌。 本文介紹第四王朝法老、建築與文化成就。",{"id":49,"name":50,"keywords":4,"slug":51,"author":7,"ogImage":52,"isBlog":4,"createDate":53,"updateDate":54,"description":55},"41a0c37b5aa846549fb63be66fe82c3b","古王國與金字塔時代","old-kingdom-of-egypt","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277323682_720_000166_1710145044321.jpg","2026-03-03T21:39:04","2026-03-03T21:39:27","古王國是埃及第一個中央集權黃金時代,又稱金字塔時代。 第三王朝左塞爾建造第一座石造階梯金字塔,伊蒙霍特普設計,標誌埃及文明正式崛起。",{"id":57,"name":58,"keywords":4,"slug":59,"author":7,"ogImage":60,"isBlog":4,"createDate":61,"updateDate":62,"description":63},"fbb3fcbd961d4efc8f603a04f5711178","埃及第二王朝","second-dynasty-of-egypt","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277265926_720_1763901312522_base-of-the-statue-of-khasekhemwy.jpg","2026-03-03T00:14:24","2026-03-03T00:14:52","埃及第二王朝(前 2890 - 前 2686)是連接早王朝與古王國的關鍵時期。 本文介紹霍特普塞海姆威、泊西布森、哈塞海姆威、王權鬥爭、青銅出現與人殉廢止。",{"id":65,"name":66,"keywords":4,"slug":67,"author":7,"ogImage":68,"isBlog":4,"createDate":69,"updateDate":70,"description":71},"67bdd9ec9ed94af1a05060ee9b536525","繩紋文化","jomon-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779869915894_jomon-culture.jpg","2026-05-27T22:08:23","2026-05-27T22:09:00","繩紋文化(Jōmon Culture)是日本列島持續時間最長的史前文化,以繩紋陶器、火焰紋陶器與神秘土偶聞名。 本文系統介紹繩紋文化的年代、社會結構、藝術傳統、繩紋人的起源及其與現代日本人的關係。",{"id":73,"name":74,"keywords":4,"slug":75,"author":7,"ogImage":76,"isBlog":4,"createDate":77,"updateDate":78,"description":79},"e85f3773b7624b34ba0a950c83050f14","末次冰盛期","last-glacial-maximum","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779866970213_last-glacial-maximum3.jpg","2026-05-27T16:11:50","2026-05-27T16:12:42","深度解析距今約2.6萬年前的末次冰盛期(LGM)。 本文將結合米蘭科維奇循環模型,帶您直觀了解海平面下降130米、陸橋裸露後的全球地理巨變,以及極寒環境如何將舊石器晚期智人鍛造為全球擴散的頂級適應者。",{"id":81,"name":82,"keywords":4,"slug":83,"author":7,"ogImage":84,"isBlog":4,"createDate":85,"updateDate":86,"description":87},"3430c1759ae64ef28ee275be703e3ff7","馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化","malta-buret-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276830881_720_1761535507344_Princess_of_Xiaohe2.jpg","2026-02-27T20:06:48","2026-03-12T12:59:20","什麼是馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化? 古代歐亞北部人(ANE)是誰? 本文講解這支 2.4 萬年前的西伯利亞文化、基因貢獻及與小河公主的關係。",{"id":89,"name":90,"keywords":4,"slug":91,"author":7,"ogImage":92,"isBlog":4,"createDate":93,"updateDate":94,"description":95},"ac264b8d3e66438da6607447071ee4c2","北京直立人","homo-erectus-pekinensis","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779777251042_peking-man5.jpg","2026-05-26T15:40:38","2026-05-26T15:40:58","北京直立人(Homo erectus pekinensis)是中國最重要的古人類化石之一。 本文系統介紹北京人的發現歷史、石器工具、生活方式、用火問題,以及其在人類演化和現代東亞人起源爭議中的地位。",{"id":97,"name":98,"keywords":4,"slug":99,"author":7,"ogImage":100,"isBlog":4,"createDate":101,"updateDate":102,"description":103},"0ecc0752e901485383ef2f8f6dd974cd","克洛維斯文化","clovis-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779775149260_clovis-culture-background.jpg","2026-05-26T17:10:54","2026-05-26T17:11:52","深度解析北美舊石器時代晚期的克洛維斯文化。 探索精美絕倫的燕尾槽石矛工藝,反思「克洛維斯第一」假說的顛覆,並揭秘新仙女木期氣候驟變與人類圍獵如何共同終結了北美猛獁象與乳齒象的巨獸時代。",{"id":105,"name":106,"keywords":4,"slug":107,"author":7,"ogImage":108,"isBlog":4,"createDate":109,"updateDate":110,"description":111},"683d1a08052e40edb630405652eb52bf","人類進入美洲大陸","humans-entered-the-new-world","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276871277_720_1761549850669_fossilized-footprints32.jpg","2026-02-27T21:18:30","2026-03-04T22:23:21","人類何時進入美洲? 白令陸橋如何形成? 白沙腳印、蒙特韋德、克洛維斯文化分別證明了什麼? 本文系統梳理人類拓殖美洲的完整歷史。",{"id":113,"name":114,"keywords":4,"slug":115,"author":7,"ogImage":116,"isBlog":4,"createDate":117,"updateDate":118,"description":119},"3e4128c6ce5045ea9a7832a51bc328a2","莫斯特文化","mousterian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779776644371_mousterian52.jpg","2026-05-26T16:50:31","2026-05-26T16:51:43","莫斯特文化(Mousterian)是舊石器時代中期最重要的石器工業之一,與尼安德特人密切相關。 本文系統介紹莫斯特文化的起源、勒瓦婁哇技術、工具特點、主要遺址,以及其在人類演化史中的重要地位。",{"id":121,"name":122,"keywords":4,"slug":123,"author":7,"ogImage":124,"isBlog":4,"createDate":125,"updateDate":126,"description":127},"fae2bb675a97427e97f33bd0085faa79","最早的車輪和犁","invention-of-wheels-and-plough","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277127559_720_1762914174723_1599px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg","2026-02-28T15:01:18","2026-03-04T22:26:58","車輪和犁最早在哪裡發明? 蘇美爾人如何從製陶輪走向車輪與犁耕? 本文講透人類兩大關鍵技術的起源與影響。\n",{"id":129,"name":130,"keywords":4,"slug":131,"author":7,"ogImage":132,"isBlog":4,"createDate":133,"updateDate":134,"description":135},"26b859c8750d4187a9b2bc105417dc69","阿舍利文化","acheulean-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779440045036_acheulean52.jpg","2026-05-22T21:28:33","2026-05-22T21:28:51","阿舍利文化(Acheulean)是史前人類技術文明的重大飛躍。 本文全面解密距今170萬至20萬年前的「模式-2」石器工業,帶你探索兼具兩面打製與對稱美學的「遠古瑞士軍刀」手斧,以及直立人跨越非歐亞大陸的生存智慧。",{"id":137,"name":138,"keywords":4,"slug":139,"author":7,"ogImage":140,"isBlog":4,"createDate":141,"updateDate":142,"description":143},"66819a421b1640618f188698d57077b2","奧杜威文化","oldowan-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779440030720_oldowan-culture-background2.jpg","2026-05-22T21:03:39","2026-05-22T21:06:21","奧杜威文化(Oldowan)是人類歷史上首個有意識、標準化的工具製作模式。 本文全面解析距今260萬至170萬年前的「模式-1」石器工業,帶你探訪東非奧杜威峽谷、格魯吉亞德馬尼西及中國西侯度等見證人類技術黎明的史前遺址。",{"id":145,"name":146,"keywords":4,"slug":147,"author":7,"ogImage":148,"isBlog":4,"createDate":149,"updateDate":150,"description":151},"397fdaa317044fa992bff0a464b61917","","hamburgian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779436529399_hamburgian.jpg","2026-05-22T15:36:23","2026-05-22T15:39:18","本文帶你走進舊石器時代晚期的漢堡文化(Hamburgian)。 探索這群活躍於1.5萬年前北歐平原的冰緣狩獵採集者,如何靠精湛的肩狀石尖器與捕獵馴鹿在寒冷冰期末期生存與演化。",1779891381888]