[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":152},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-establishment-of-shang-dynasty-zh-tw":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"中国建立商王朝","establishment-of-shang-dynasty","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278267777_720_1764147880241_Oracle-bone-script.jpg","article","2026-02-05T15:57:55","2025-09-16T20:58:06",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"中國建立商王朝","中國建立商王朝:商湯滅夏與青銅文明的崛起","中國商王朝建立|商湯滅夏 甲骨文 青銅時代","商王朝的建立,商湯滅夏,夏商,商朝","## 商湯滅夏\n\n「商湯滅夏」 是中國古代傳說中的一個故事,指的是約公元前 1600 年,商湯帶領著商部落滅掉夏朝,從而建立商朝的歷史事件。 夏朝是中國歷史上第一個被後世文獻記載的朝代,但由於年代久遠,曾經一度缺乏考古證據。 目前學者認為,\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Erlitou Site\" lon=\"112.7\" lat=\"34.69\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">二里頭遺址\u003C/span>是夏朝都城的遺跡。\n\n夏王朝末期,國勢日衰,統治力開始搖搖欲墜。 根據《史記・夏本紀》中的記載,夏朝的第十四位君主孔甲(生卒年不詳)繼位後,不理朝政,整天飲酒打獵,逐漸失去了對地方諸侯的控制。 其中,在夏朝的諸侯方國中,商國的勢力逐漸發展壯大,其農業和畜牧業的發展迅速,社會財富顯著增加,社會性質則由氏族制過渡到奴隸制。 此後,商國不斷向外發展勢力,掠奪更多的奴隸和財物,到了主癸(生卒年不詳)時,已經發展為一個具有國王權力的大諸侯國了。\n\n主癸死後,其子湯繼位為商侯,都城為\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Shangqiu\" lon=\"115.66\" lat=\"34.42\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">商丘\u003C/span>。 而此時,夏朝的王位傳於最後一位君主,即夏桀,一位歷史有名的暴君。 不久後,羽翼豐滿的湯發動了對夏王朝的反叛和征討,桀的軍隊很快便被打敗。 約公元前 1600 年,湯的軍隊佔領了夏朝的首都\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Zhen City\" lon=\"113.03\" lat=\"34.82\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">斟鄩\u003C/span>(二里頭,今河南鞏縣西南),暴君桀遭到流放,中國歷史上的第一個王朝隨之宣告滅亡。 據稱,夏滅亡後,商湯在「三千諸侯」的擁立下繼承大統,一個嶄新的商王朝(約公元前1600年-前1046年)就此建立。 湯建立的朝代也被稱為成湯或成唐,但一般還是被稱為商湯。\n\n主癸死後,其子湯繼位為商侯,都城為\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Shangqiu\" lon=\"115.66\" lat=\"34.42\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">商丘\u003C/span>。 而此時,夏朝的王位傳於最後一位君主,即夏桀,一位歷史上有名的暴君。 不久後,羽翼豐滿的湯發動了對夏王朝的反叛和征討,桀的軍隊很快便被打敗。 約公元前 1600 年,湯的軍隊佔領了夏朝的首都\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Zhen City\" lon=\"113.03\" lat=\"34.82\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">斟鄩\u003C/span>(今河南鞏縣西南),暴君桀遭到流放,中國歷史上的第一個王朝隨之宣告滅亡。 據稱,夏滅亡後,商湯在 「三千諸侯」 的擁立下繼承大統,一個嶄新的商王朝(約公元前 1600 年 - 前 1046 年)就此建立。 湯建立的朝代也被稱為成湯或成唐,但一般還是將湯稱為商湯。\n\n商湯滅夏是王朝更替在中國歷史上不斷上演的一個縮影,但也最早地展示了人民反抗壓迫、追求正義的精神。 儘管這個故事的細節還有一定的疑點,但它在中國歷史文化中占據了重要地位,被後人奉為傳統美德的典範。\n\n商滅夏後,商王朝成為\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"The Yellow River\" lon=\"117.026\" lat=\"36.7539\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">黃河\u003C/span>流域的主要統治者,勢力發展很快。 尤其是前期政治狀況較好,社會也比較穩定,經濟、文化都有很大發展。 商朝出現的甲骨文也標誌著中華文明的正式誕生。 另外,商朝時代,中國的青銅冶煉技術非常先進,出現了一大批流傳後世的青銅器皿。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000187/000187_1718263587318.jpg\" alt=\"殷商时代的甲骨文\" width=\"70%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://www.chnmuseum.cn/zp/zpml/kgfjp/202108/t20210802_250929.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">中國國家博物館\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">文字是人類文明的重要標誌之一,而甲骨文則是中國目前所知最早的,並且成體系的文字系統。 這套龜甲名為 「王為般卜」,其保存完整,可以讓我們一睹殷商時期甲骨文的真實面貌。 文字含義可釋讀為:「戊午蔔,古貞:般其有禍? 戊午蔔,古貞:般亡禍?」。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n## 最鼎盛的青銅時代\n\n和夏朝相比,商朝的歷史更為確鑿,其興起也標誌著中原地區逐漸進入到青銅時代的鼎盛期。 不僅統治面積更大,在政治、經濟和文化等方面也有了較大的提升。 在武丁(? -公元前1192年)時期,商王朝的勢力範圍已經觸及到長江流域。\n\n商朝時期還出現了較早期的原始等價物,如貝幣、貝蚌、銅貝等,青銅鑄造技術也大幅提高,開始使用牛馬等牲畜用於耕作或運輸。 在文化上,金文(鐘鼎文,即鐫刻在青銅器上的銘文)逐漸成熟,並在後世逐漸替代了早期的甲骨文,而祭祀活動也增強了人們的凝聚力。\n\n與夏朝相比,商王朝的另一項重大區別是更加依賴血緣的力量。 在征服夏和諸多其他邦國的過程中,商推行了分封制,商王把和自己親緣關係較近的一些兄弟叔伯等分封到各地,從而使商王能夠通過家族更有效地控制數倍於夏朝的區域。 因此,商朝的統治也比夏朝更有力而且更穩定。 需要說明的是,分封制並非西周創舉,商朝已出現早期分封形態,西周在此基礎上進一步完善。\n\n## 參考資料\n\n\n\n《国家宝藏：100件文物讲述中华文明史》；佟洵 王云松；四川人民出版社；2018-11\n\n《中国通史》吕思勉；群言出版社 2016-02\n\n《中国史简读：世界史坐标下的中国》；张宏杰；岳麓书社 2019-08\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n\n","約公元前 1600 年,商湯滅夏建立商王朝,甲骨文誕生、青銅技術鼎盛,分封制初步推行,奠定中華文明發展基礎。","商湯滅夏建商:中華文明青銅時代的開端","從商湯伐桀終結夏朝,到甲骨文、青銅器驚豔后世,商王朝的建立,推動中原文明邁入青銅時代的鼎盛階段。","zh-tw",0.7,[24,32,40,48,56,64,72,80,88,96,104,112,120,128,136,144],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":30,"description":31},"8fbab3fbd12e4aa7b2eb07a5d8ff1007","商王朝九世之亂與盤庚遷都","pan-geng-relocation-of-the-capital","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770282502699_720_1764947648708_shang.jpg","2026-03-05T22:11:49","2026-03-05T22:12:21","九世之亂導致商朝內亂衰落,盤庚力排眾議遷都於殷,結束動盪、振興國勢,奠定殷商 200 餘年穩定基業。",{"id":33,"name":34,"keywords":4,"slug":35,"author":7,"ogImage":36,"isBlog":4,"createDate":37,"updateDate":38,"description":39},"c78fcb2ce5454dd3a4f3ef5860764040","商王朝「伊尹輔政」","yi-yin-assisted-in-governance","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278396727_720_000187_1718760190377.jpg","2026-03-05T19:56:48","2026-03-05T19:57:27","商初伊尹輔佐成湯等五代商王五十餘年,既是開國元勳、傑出政治家,也是中華廚祖,為商朝強盛奠定基礎。",{"id":41,"name":42,"keywords":4,"slug":43,"author":7,"ogImage":44,"isBlog":4,"createDate":45,"updateDate":46,"description":47},"389f738e7db449048c19be10058c85a6","中國夏朝的建立","establishment-of-xia-dynasty","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277871973_720_000168_1710133309766.jpg","2026-03-05T13:55:23","2026-03-05T13:55:59","夏朝是中國史書中第一個朝代,約公元前 2070 年由大禹建立,啟繼位後世襲制取代禪讓製,二里頭遺址被認為是夏代中晚期都城。",{"id":49,"name":50,"keywords":4,"slug":51,"author":7,"ogImage":52,"isBlog":4,"createDate":53,"updateDate":54,"description":55},"01acfc8b3d844b88a7d3ee1ae5dd11e6","西周滅商與周公輔政","western-zhou-dynasty-overthrew-shang-dynasty","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283281482_720_000192_1718782846018.jpg","2026-03-06T13:28:32","2026-03-06T13:29:02","從武王伐紂、牧野之戰到周公攝政、平定三監、營建洛邑、製禮作樂,一文看懂西周開國與華夏早期制度文明成型。",{"id":57,"name":58,"keywords":4,"slug":59,"author":7,"ogImage":60,"isBlog":4,"createDate":61,"updateDate":62,"description":63},"57e1f5e6a5ab4450a016eaf54d9ae0ac","夏王朝之少康中興","loss-of-xia-kingdom-by-taikang-and-revival-under-shaokang","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278056874_720_000182_1718263355114.jpg","2026-03-05T14:33:19","2026-03-05T14:33:37","少康中興是夏朝由衰轉盛的關鍵事件,也是中國歷史上第一個以 「中興」 命名的時代,見證夏朝中斷後重新復國並走向強盛。",{"id":65,"name":66,"keywords":4,"slug":67,"author":7,"ogImage":68,"isBlog":4,"createDate":69,"updateDate":70,"description":71},"67bdd9ec9ed94af1a05060ee9b536525","繩紋文化","jomon-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779869915894_jomon-culture.jpg","2026-05-27T22:08:23","2026-05-27T22:09:00","繩紋文化(Jōmon Culture)是日本列島持續時間最長的史前文化,以繩紋陶器、火焰紋陶器與神秘土偶聞名。 本文系統介紹繩紋文化的年代、社會結構、藝術傳統、繩紋人的起源及其與現代日本人的關係。",{"id":73,"name":74,"keywords":4,"slug":75,"author":7,"ogImage":76,"isBlog":4,"createDate":77,"updateDate":78,"description":79},"e85f3773b7624b34ba0a950c83050f14","末次冰盛期","last-glacial-maximum","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779866970213_last-glacial-maximum3.jpg","2026-05-27T16:11:50","2026-05-27T16:12:42","深度解析距今約2.6萬年前的末次冰盛期(LGM)。 本文將結合米蘭科維奇循環模型,帶您直觀了解海平面下降130米、陸橋裸露後的全球地理巨變,以及極寒環境如何將舊石器晚期智人鍛造為全球擴散的頂級適應者。",{"id":81,"name":82,"keywords":4,"slug":83,"author":7,"ogImage":84,"isBlog":4,"createDate":85,"updateDate":86,"description":87},"3430c1759ae64ef28ee275be703e3ff7","馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化","malta-buret-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276830881_720_1761535507344_Princess_of_Xiaohe2.jpg","2026-02-27T20:06:48","2026-03-12T12:59:20","什麼是馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化? 古代歐亞北部人(ANE)是誰? 本文講解這支 2.4 萬年前的西伯利亞文化、基因貢獻及與小河公主的關係。",{"id":89,"name":90,"keywords":4,"slug":91,"author":7,"ogImage":92,"isBlog":4,"createDate":93,"updateDate":94,"description":95},"ac264b8d3e66438da6607447071ee4c2","北京直立人","homo-erectus-pekinensis","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779777251042_peking-man5.jpg","2026-05-26T15:40:38","2026-05-26T15:40:58","北京直立人(Homo erectus pekinensis)是中國最重要的古人類化石之一。 本文系統介紹北京人的發現歷史、石器工具、生活方式、用火問題,以及其在人類演化和現代東亞人起源爭議中的地位。",{"id":97,"name":98,"keywords":4,"slug":99,"author":7,"ogImage":100,"isBlog":4,"createDate":101,"updateDate":102,"description":103},"0ecc0752e901485383ef2f8f6dd974cd","克洛維斯文化","clovis-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779775149260_clovis-culture-background.jpg","2026-05-26T17:10:54","2026-05-26T17:11:52","深度解析北美舊石器時代晚期的克洛維斯文化。 探索精美絕倫的燕尾槽石矛工藝,反思「克洛維斯第一」假說的顛覆,並揭秘新仙女木期氣候驟變與人類圍獵如何共同終結了北美猛獁象與乳齒象的巨獸時代。",{"id":105,"name":106,"keywords":4,"slug":107,"author":7,"ogImage":108,"isBlog":4,"createDate":109,"updateDate":110,"description":111},"683d1a08052e40edb630405652eb52bf","人類進入美洲大陸","humans-entered-the-new-world","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276871277_720_1761549850669_fossilized-footprints32.jpg","2026-02-27T21:18:30","2026-03-04T22:23:21","人類何時進入美洲? 白令陸橋如何形成? 白沙腳印、蒙特韋德、克洛維斯文化分別證明了什麼? 本文系統梳理人類拓殖美洲的完整歷史。",{"id":113,"name":114,"keywords":4,"slug":115,"author":7,"ogImage":116,"isBlog":4,"createDate":117,"updateDate":118,"description":119},"3e4128c6ce5045ea9a7832a51bc328a2","莫斯特文化","mousterian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779776644371_mousterian52.jpg","2026-05-26T16:50:31","2026-05-26T16:51:43","莫斯特文化(Mousterian)是舊石器時代中期最重要的石器工業之一,與尼安德特人密切相關。 本文系統介紹莫斯特文化的起源、勒瓦婁哇技術、工具特點、主要遺址,以及其在人類演化史中的重要地位。",{"id":121,"name":122,"keywords":4,"slug":123,"author":7,"ogImage":124,"isBlog":4,"createDate":125,"updateDate":126,"description":127},"fae2bb675a97427e97f33bd0085faa79","最早的車輪和犁","invention-of-wheels-and-plough","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277127559_720_1762914174723_1599px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg","2026-02-28T15:01:18","2026-03-04T22:26:58","車輪和犁最早在哪裡發明? 蘇美爾人如何從製陶輪走向車輪與犁耕? 本文講透人類兩大關鍵技術的起源與影響。\n",{"id":129,"name":130,"keywords":4,"slug":131,"author":7,"ogImage":132,"isBlog":4,"createDate":133,"updateDate":134,"description":135},"26b859c8750d4187a9b2bc105417dc69","阿舍利文化","acheulean-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779440045036_acheulean52.jpg","2026-05-22T21:28:33","2026-05-22T21:28:51","阿舍利文化(Acheulean)是史前人類技術文明的重大飛躍。 本文全面解密距今170萬至20萬年前的「模式-2」石器工業,帶你探索兼具兩面打製與對稱美學的「遠古瑞士軍刀」手斧,以及直立人跨越非歐亞大陸的生存智慧。",{"id":137,"name":138,"keywords":4,"slug":139,"author":7,"ogImage":140,"isBlog":4,"createDate":141,"updateDate":142,"description":143},"66819a421b1640618f188698d57077b2","奧杜威文化","oldowan-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779440030720_oldowan-culture-background2.jpg","2026-05-22T21:03:39","2026-05-22T21:06:21","奧杜威文化(Oldowan)是人類歷史上首個有意識、標準化的工具製作模式。 本文全面解析距今260萬至170萬年前的「模式-1」石器工業,帶你探訪東非奧杜威峽谷、格魯吉亞德馬尼西及中國西侯度等見證人類技術黎明的史前遺址。",{"id":145,"name":146,"keywords":4,"slug":147,"author":7,"ogImage":148,"isBlog":4,"createDate":149,"updateDate":150,"description":151},"397fdaa317044fa992bff0a464b61917","","hamburgian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779436529399_hamburgian.jpg","2026-05-22T15:36:23","2026-05-22T15:39:18","本文帶你走進舊石器時代晚期的漢堡文化(Hamburgian)。 探索這群活躍於1.5萬年前北歐平原的冰緣狩獵採集者,如何靠精湛的肩狀石尖器與捕獵馴鹿在寒冷冰期末期生存與演化。",1779891380770]