[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":152},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-embryonic-stage-of-elamite-civilization-zh-tw":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"埃兰文明萌芽","embryonic-stage-of-elamite-civilization","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277241115_720_000188_1718266668615.jpg","article","2026-02-05T15:40:47","2024-06-13T15:59:34",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"埃蘭文明萌芽","埃蘭文明萌芽:伊朗高原最古老的原生文明","埃蘭文明萌芽|伊朗高原最早文明、蘇薩、原始埃蘭文字與古埃蘭時期","埃蘭文明,伊朗","## 山地護持的伊朗高原\n\n伊朗高原最突出的地理特徵是多山,縱橫的山脈像巨大的城牆守護著這裡的邊界與人群。 西起庫爾德斯坦,東至\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Strait of Hormuz\" lon=\"56.4506\" lat=\"26.618\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">霍爾木茲海峽\u003C/span>的\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Zagros mountains\" lon=\"47\" lat=\"33.6667\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">扎格羅斯山\u003C/span>是伊朗高原最大的山脈,在西部和西南部綿延了 1500 公里,最寬處超過 200 公里。 平原北側則是厄爾布爾士山脈,它西起\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Azerbaijan\" lon=\"48\" lat=\"40\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">阿塞拜疆\u003C/span>,東至阿富汗,為\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Iran Region\" lon=\"53.683\" lat=\"32.4207\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">伊朗地區\u003C/span>提供了約 900 公里的屏障。 平原東部則被興都庫什山脈和地球上最熱的區域,即\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Lut Desert\" lon=\"59.07\" lat=\"30.61\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"3\">盧特沙漠\u003C/span>所隔斷;這片沙漠被人們戲稱為 「烤熟的小麥」,最高溫可超過70℃。 四周天然的地理屏障加上高原龐大的面積與多山的地貌,讓這裡成為一處極難被征服的地區;而**陸續生活在這裡的人群,不論是遊牧民族還是定居民族,也都自然而然地學會了如何利用這些天然壁壘**。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000188/000188_1718266441491.jpg\" alt=\"伊朗地形图\" width=\"80%\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://www.freeworldmaps.net/asia/iran/map.html\" target=\"_blank\">Free world maps\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">伊朗高原地形圖,巨大的山脈、海洋,以及沙漠形成了天然的保護屏障,讓這裡成為一片易守難攻的區域。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n早在米底人(米底王國,約前678年-前553年)和波斯人(阿契美尼德王朝,前558年-前330年)等屬於雅利安人支系的民族到來之前,\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Iran Region\" lon=\"53.683\" lat=\"32.4207\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">伊朗地區\u003C/span>就已經有了相當程度的文明存在。 這些早期先民有各自的語言和信仰,創建了很多獨立的文化和文明。 其中,最著名、對後世影響最大的應屬埃蘭(Elam)文明。\n\n## 埃蘭文明的起源\n\n埃蘭文明是一個統稱,由眾多更早的部落文化融合而成,這些屬於新石器時代晚期的定居者文化至少可以追溯到公元前 6000 年以前。 到了大約公元前 3000 年左右,埃蘭正式演化為「文明」(以古埃蘭象形文字的出現為標誌),其誕生似乎稍晚於兩河文明或古埃及文明。 和這兩個偉大的古文明一樣,**埃蘭文明也曾被人們長期遺忘**,到了 19 世紀末才通過近代考古學被一步步重新發現。 幾千年來,這個文明長期和西邊的蘇美爾人、阿卡德人、加喜特人,以及亞述人等交織融合,也同樣和東北側的米底人、波斯人等產生了許多恩怨糾葛。 其間不僅有商業和貿易的活動,還包括了彼此之間的支配和征服。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000188/000188_1718266595553.png\" alt=\"埃兰高杯状容器\" width=\"60%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/323792\" target=\"_blank\">MET\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">在位於伊朗西南部\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Susa City\" lon=\"48.2436\" lat=\"32.1942\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">蘇薩城\u003C/span>(Susa)的一處大型墓葬中,曾出土了大量製作精美的高杯狀容器,杯壁非常薄,極其易碎,顯示了製作者製造和燒製工藝的高超。 文物年代約為公元前5500年-前3000年。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n「埃蘭」一詞在《聖經》也被提及,傳說中作為人名的埃蘭是閃(諾亞之子)的長子,他所建立的國家和族群也在《聖經》中被統稱為埃蘭,但沒有任何證據能夠證實《聖經》中的記述。 而和埃蘭文明相關的資料,則大部分來源於\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">美索不達米亞\u003C/span>地區的記載,「埃蘭」的最初含義可能是 「高地」 或 「高地國家」,這也和蘇美爾或阿卡德人眼中的伊朗高原比較匹配。 最初的埃蘭人來源不明,他們可能是伊朗高原的 「土著」 民族,其早期文字也還沒有被破譯,後來的文字則受到了蘇美爾人楔形文字的影響。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.29/1765424519730_ElamischeStrichschrift.jpg\" alt=\"埃兰文泥板\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamite_language\" target=\"_blank\">Elamite language\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">刻有原始埃蘭文字的泥板(約公元前3000年-前2800年),目前(2024)尚未被破譯。 顯然,泥板的造型和圖像特徵受到了臨近\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">美索不達米亞\u003C/span>文明的影響。 泥板的出土地為埃蘭古城\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Susa City\" lon=\"48.2436\" lat=\"32.1942\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">蘇薩城\u003C/span>(Susa),目前收藏於\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"London\" lon=\"0.118092\" lat=\"51.5099\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">倫敦\u003C/span>大英博物館。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.29/1765424711641_Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg\" alt=\"Proto-Elamite cylinder seal\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam\" target=\"_blank\">Elam\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">原始埃蘭(蘇薩三期)滾筒印章,約公元前3150年-前2800年。\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Louvre Museum\" lon=\"2.3376\" lat=\"48.8606\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">盧浮宮博物館\u003C/span>。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n總體而言,埃蘭歷史可大致分為三個時期:古埃蘭時期(約公元前2700年-前1600年)、中埃蘭時期(約公元前1400年-前1100年),以及新埃蘭時期(約公元前1100年-前600年)。**在所有這些時期中,埃蘭都與西邊的蘇美爾、巴比倫和亞述密切相關**,作為一個具有較強經濟和軍事能力的高度發達文明,一旦兩河流域地區的王朝衰落,埃蘭人就會乘虛攻入,有時只是搶劫,有時也會直接統治。\n\n## 參考資料\n\n\n\n《伊朗四千年》；[伊朗]霍昌·纳哈万迪 [法]伊夫·博马提；安宁[译]；湖南文艺出版社；2021-07\n\n《世界史的故事》苏珊·怀斯·鲍尔；徐彬[译]；中信出版社 2023-04\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://archaeology.pku.edu.cn/info/1031/2541.htm\" target=\"_blank\">埃兰与西亚地区的早期国家 （2400-600BC）\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam\" target=\"_blank\">Elam\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamite_language\" target=\"_blank\">Elamite language\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n","埃蘭是伊朗高原最古老的原生文明,起源可追溯至公元前 6000 年,以蘇薩為中心,與兩河文明長期互動,是波斯帝國之前西亞最重要的文明之一。","約公元前 3200 年,以古埃蘭象形文字的出現為標誌,誕生了古老的埃蘭文明","在波斯與米底之前,伊朗高原早已誕生高度發達的埃蘭文明,擁有獨特文字與城市文明,與蘇美爾、亞述、巴比倫長期碰撞與交融。","zh-tw",0.7,[24,32,40,48,56,64,72,80,88,96,104,112,120,128,136,144],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":30,"description":31},"cccdabf120e54b7ea599ac791619c3e8","中埃蘭時期","middle-elamite-period","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278576852_720_000188_1718268471160.jpg","2026-03-05T21:01:40","2026-03-05T21:02:00","中埃蘭時期(前 1500 - 前 1100 年)歷經三大王朝,推進埃蘭化,滅亡加喜特巴比倫,留下恰高・占比爾神廟等重要遺跡。",{"id":33,"name":34,"keywords":4,"slug":35,"author":7,"ogImage":36,"isBlog":4,"createDate":37,"updateDate":38,"description":39},"735cbe8a3d52422c9f599328badea751","古埃蘭時期","old-elamite-period","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277561190_720_000188_1718267315880.jpg","2026-03-05T11:35:27","2026-03-05T11:36:22","古埃蘭時期(公元前 2700 年 - 前 1600 年)以蘇薩城為核心,歷經阿萬、西馬什、埃帕爾提等王朝,與兩河流域城邦征戰不斷、貿易交融,推動西亞早期文明發展。",{"id":41,"name":42,"keywords":4,"slug":43,"author":7,"ogImage":44,"isBlog":4,"createDate":45,"updateDate":46,"description":47},"67bdd9ec9ed94af1a05060ee9b536525","繩紋文化","jomon-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779869915894_jomon-culture.jpg","2026-05-27T22:08:23","2026-05-27T22:09:00","繩紋文化(Jōmon Culture)是日本列島持續時間最長的史前文化,以繩紋陶器、火焰紋陶器與神秘土偶聞名。 本文系統介紹繩紋文化的年代、社會結構、藝術傳統、繩紋人的起源及其與現代日本人的關係。",{"id":49,"name":50,"keywords":4,"slug":51,"author":7,"ogImage":52,"isBlog":4,"createDate":53,"updateDate":54,"description":55},"e85f3773b7624b34ba0a950c83050f14","末次冰盛期","last-glacial-maximum","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779866970213_last-glacial-maximum3.jpg","2026-05-27T16:11:50","2026-05-27T16:12:42","深度解析距今約2.6萬年前的末次冰盛期(LGM)。 本文將結合米蘭科維奇循環模型,帶您直觀了解海平面下降130米、陸橋裸露後的全球地理巨變,以及極寒環境如何將舊石器晚期智人鍛造為全球擴散的頂級適應者。",{"id":57,"name":58,"keywords":4,"slug":59,"author":7,"ogImage":60,"isBlog":4,"createDate":61,"updateDate":62,"description":63},"3430c1759ae64ef28ee275be703e3ff7","馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化","malta-buret-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276830881_720_1761535507344_Princess_of_Xiaohe2.jpg","2026-02-27T20:06:48","2026-03-12T12:59:20","什麼是馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化? 古代歐亞北部人(ANE)是誰? 本文講解這支 2.4 萬年前的西伯利亞文化、基因貢獻及與小河公主的關係。",{"id":65,"name":66,"keywords":4,"slug":67,"author":7,"ogImage":68,"isBlog":4,"createDate":69,"updateDate":70,"description":71},"ac264b8d3e66438da6607447071ee4c2","北京直立人","homo-erectus-pekinensis","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779777251042_peking-man5.jpg","2026-05-26T15:40:38","2026-05-26T15:40:58","北京直立人(Homo erectus pekinensis)是中國最重要的古人類化石之一。 本文系統介紹北京人的發現歷史、石器工具、生活方式、用火問題,以及其在人類演化和現代東亞人起源爭議中的地位。",{"id":73,"name":74,"keywords":4,"slug":75,"author":7,"ogImage":76,"isBlog":4,"createDate":77,"updateDate":78,"description":79},"0ecc0752e901485383ef2f8f6dd974cd","克洛維斯文化","clovis-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779775149260_clovis-culture-background.jpg","2026-05-26T17:10:54","2026-05-26T17:11:52","深度解析北美舊石器時代晚期的克洛維斯文化。 探索精美絕倫的燕尾槽石矛工藝,反思「克洛維斯第一」假說的顛覆,並揭秘新仙女木期氣候驟變與人類圍獵如何共同終結了北美猛獁象與乳齒象的巨獸時代。",{"id":81,"name":82,"keywords":4,"slug":83,"author":7,"ogImage":84,"isBlog":4,"createDate":85,"updateDate":86,"description":87},"683d1a08052e40edb630405652eb52bf","人類進入美洲大陸","humans-entered-the-new-world","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276871277_720_1761549850669_fossilized-footprints32.jpg","2026-02-27T21:18:30","2026-03-04T22:23:21","人類何時進入美洲? 白令陸橋如何形成? 白沙腳印、蒙特韋德、克洛維斯文化分別證明了什麼? 本文系統梳理人類拓殖美洲的完整歷史。",{"id":89,"name":90,"keywords":4,"slug":91,"author":7,"ogImage":92,"isBlog":4,"createDate":93,"updateDate":94,"description":95},"3e4128c6ce5045ea9a7832a51bc328a2","莫斯特文化","mousterian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779776644371_mousterian52.jpg","2026-05-26T16:50:31","2026-05-26T16:51:43","莫斯特文化(Mousterian)是舊石器時代中期最重要的石器工業之一,與尼安德特人密切相關。 本文系統介紹莫斯特文化的起源、勒瓦婁哇技術、工具特點、主要遺址,以及其在人類演化史中的重要地位。",{"id":97,"name":98,"keywords":4,"slug":99,"author":7,"ogImage":100,"isBlog":4,"createDate":101,"updateDate":102,"description":103},"fae2bb675a97427e97f33bd0085faa79","最早的車輪和犁","invention-of-wheels-and-plough","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277127559_720_1762914174723_1599px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg","2026-02-28T15:01:18","2026-03-04T22:26:58","車輪和犁最早在哪裡發明? 蘇美爾人如何從製陶輪走向車輪與犁耕? 本文講透人類兩大關鍵技術的起源與影響。\n",{"id":105,"name":106,"keywords":4,"slug":107,"author":7,"ogImage":108,"isBlog":4,"createDate":109,"updateDate":110,"description":111},"26b859c8750d4187a9b2bc105417dc69","阿舍利文化","acheulean-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779440045036_acheulean52.jpg","2026-05-22T21:28:33","2026-05-22T21:28:51","阿舍利文化(Acheulean)是史前人類技術文明的重大飛躍。 本文全面解密距今170萬至20萬年前的「模式-2」石器工業,帶你探索兼具兩面打製與對稱美學的「遠古瑞士軍刀」手斧,以及直立人跨越非歐亞大陸的生存智慧。",{"id":113,"name":114,"keywords":4,"slug":115,"author":7,"ogImage":116,"isBlog":4,"createDate":117,"updateDate":118,"description":119},"66819a421b1640618f188698d57077b2","奧杜威文化","oldowan-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779440030720_oldowan-culture-background2.jpg","2026-05-22T21:03:39","2026-05-22T21:06:21","奧杜威文化(Oldowan)是人類歷史上首個有意識、標準化的工具製作模式。 本文全面解析距今260萬至170萬年前的「模式-1」石器工業,帶你探訪東非奧杜威峽谷、格魯吉亞德馬尼西及中國西侯度等見證人類技術黎明的史前遺址。",{"id":121,"name":122,"keywords":4,"slug":123,"author":7,"ogImage":124,"isBlog":4,"createDate":125,"updateDate":126,"description":127},"397fdaa317044fa992bff0a464b61917","","hamburgian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779436529399_hamburgian.jpg","2026-05-22T15:36:23","2026-05-22T15:39:18","本文帶你走進舊石器時代晚期的漢堡文化(Hamburgian)。 探索這群活躍於1.5萬年前北歐平原的冰緣狩獵採集者,如何靠精湛的肩狀石尖器與捕獵馴鹿在寒冷冰期末期生存與演化。",{"id":129,"name":130,"keywords":4,"slug":131,"author":7,"ogImage":132,"isBlog":4,"createDate":133,"updateDate":134,"description":135},"a165f9af697a47448e05509633a4ad82","梭魯特文化","solutrean-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1778835530713_solutrean.jpg","2026-05-15T20:21:03","2026-05-15T20:23:10","探索距今2.2萬年前的梭魯特文化。 從薄如蟬翼的桂葉狀尖狀器到大膽的「北大西洋遷徙假說」,解析梭魯特獵人如何在末次盛冰期的嚴酷環境下,創造出史前歐洲最精湛的工業美學。",{"id":137,"name":138,"keywords":4,"slug":139,"author":7,"ogImage":140,"isBlog":4,"createDate":141,"updateDate":142,"description":143},"0f9987f3ff634add96a33b24f18f67ec","阿齊利文化","azilian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779436518923_azilian-background2.jpg","2026-05-22T17:00:05","2026-05-22T17:00:31","阿齊利文化(Azilian)是西歐人類適應全新世環境演變的里程碑。 本文為您解密距今1.2萬年前的西歐先民如何告別寫實壁畫,在馬斯達齊爾岩洞創造出由穿孔鹿角魚叉和神秘彩繪鵝卵石組成的幾何抽象世界。",{"id":145,"name":146,"keywords":4,"slug":147,"author":7,"ogImage":148,"isBlog":4,"createDate":149,"updateDate":150,"description":151},"84441b08ce6648099927aef6cf9668e3","納圖夫文化","natufian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779436525094_ain-sakhri-lovers2.jpg","2026-05-22T16:42:53","2026-05-22T16:43:14","納圖夫文化(Natufian)是人類從狩獵採集邁向農業定居的關鍵轉折點。 本文全面解析距今1.5萬年前黎凡特人群如何「先定居、後耕作」,並解讀大英博物館珍寶「安薩哈利情侶雕像」背後的史前精神覺醒。",1779891381068]