[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":151},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-draconian-constitution-zh-tw":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":22},null,"雅典德拉古立法","draconian-constitution","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290677319_720_1766468453361_draco.jpg","article","2026-02-05T19:24:44","2025-12-17T21:00:56",{"name":5,"h1Title":13,"title":14,"subtitle":4,"keywords":15,"content":16,"overview":4,"description":17,"ogTitle":18,"ogDescription":19,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":20,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":21,"author":7},"雅典德拉古立法:賽倫暴動後的第一部成文法與嚴酷法治","雅典德拉古立法:賽倫暴動、債務奴隸、嚴酷成文法與梭倫改革前的雅典危機","希臘,雅典,德拉古立法,賽倫暴動","## 賽倫暴動\n\n約公元前8世紀開始,古\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Greece Region\" lon=\"21.8243\" lat=\"39.0742\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">希臘地區\u003C/span>在手工業、鐵器的廣泛使用,以及商品貿易的不斷發展下,傳統血緣紐帶與土地公有觀念逐步瓦解,貴族政治體系建立。 和所有人類社會一樣,\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Athens\" lon=\"23.7231\" lat=\"37.9751\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">雅典城\u003C/span>邦建立後,不同社會階層之間的資源占有和分配問題尖銳,引發了社會動盪,而主要觸發因素之一便是土地問題。\n\n佔人口比例很少的貴族階層占據大量土地,廣大自由民失去了土地,變成依靠租借貴族土地的佃農。 而地租非常繁重,他們需將收成的 5/6 交給貴族,自留 1/6,因而被稱為 「六一漢」(也有學者認為,應該是將產出的 1/6 交納給貴族)。 如果交不起租金,就會連同妻子、兒女一起被捕,淪為債務奴隸。 農民靠天吃飯,收成總有不好的時候,因此這樣的事情總會發生。 理論上看,債務人只要償還了債務,就可以恢復自由身,但實際上一旦負債就幾乎不可能翻身了。\n\n原先的自由民大量淪為奴隸,社會兩極分化,造成嚴重動盪,而動盪的環境又會催生一大批野心家,「僭主政治」這一特殊的統治方式應運而生。 所謂僭主是指通過暴力或非常規手段攫取權力,從而建立個人獨裁統治的篡位者。 「僭主」一詞在早先並無貶義,只是代表大權在手的專制統治者,其統治好壞則因人而異,有的僭主政績卓越,也有殘暴酷虐的僭主。\n\n在雅典社會出現明顯動盪時期,發生了一件世襲貴族間的權力爭奪風波,也是雅典歷史上第一個被明確記載的事件。 故事的主角名為賽倫(Cylon),其岳父也是一位具有權勢的僭主。 賽倫是一位雅典名流,在公元前640年的\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Olympia\" lon=\"21.6302\" lat=\"37.6385\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">奧林匹亞\u003C/span>競技中得過錦標,具有很高的人氣。 前632年,賽倫在家族的協助下,企圖趁宙斯節發動政變,奪取雅典權力。 但政變遭到多數人的反對沒能成功,賽倫及其支持者被迫躲藏在雅典娜神廟中尋求庇護。 領導鎮壓叛變的幾位執政官沒有遵守神廟中不得流血宗教約定,最終在雅典娜的祭壇前處死了這些叛變者。\n\n雖然這次叛變被鎮壓,但執政官褻瀆了雅典娜祭壇,犯下了瀆神罪,因而被政敵抓住把柄,清洗了和這些執政官有直接聯繫的愛克蒙尼德(Alcmaeonidae)家族。 據稱,這個勢力滔天,影響力極大的家族被驅逐出雅典,為了剝奪他們的影響力,甚至就連祖墳都被刨開,讓死者的屍體都不得安寧。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.34/1767495946616_Areopagus2.jpg\" alt=\"Areopagus\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areopagus\" target=\"_blank\">Areopagus\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">戰神山(Areopagus)和\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Acropolis of Athens\" lon=\"23.7262\" lat=\"37.9714\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">雅典衛城\u003C/span>的藝術想象圖。 圍繞著智慧女神雅典娜想象中的居所,這裡是雅典的權力中樞。 在古代,真正的\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Acropolis of Athens\" lon=\"23.7262\" lat=\"37.9714\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">雅典衛城\u003C/span>帶給初見者的震撼肯定遠超我們現在的想象,無論是吉薩的大金字塔、尼尼微的宮殿中的拉瑪蘇,抑或北京的紫禁城,它們都是「至高權力」的威嚴體現,想要達到的就是這種震撼人心的效果。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n \n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.34/1767496024554_tomb2.jpg\" alt=\"tomb\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:希臘文化部\n\u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">在雅典發現的一個集體墓穴,這些遺骸可追溯到公元前 7 世紀下半葉,顯然是非正常死亡的。 一些學者懷疑他們可能就是賽倫的追隨者,公元前 632 年,叛亂者試圖占領\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Acropolis of Athens\" lon=\"23.7262\" lat=\"37.9714\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">雅典衛城\u003C/span>,擁立賽倫為僭主,但最終失敗被殺。\n\n這張照片同樣令人震撼:上圖有多宏偉,這幅圖就有多悲慘,它們是 「文明」 這枚硬幣的兩面,一上一下,還能互相變換。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n## 德拉古立法\n\n賽倫暴動打擊了貴族勢力,讓平民強烈地意識到,社會需要規範的法律制度來保障民眾的安全,防止僭主胡作非為。 而貴族們也充滿憂慮,因為與平民對抗的加劇會危及自己的階層地位。 改革似乎刻不容緩,於是雅典人委託執政官德拉古(Draco)立法,希望以此規整秩序。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.34/1767496119831_Draco2.jpg\" alt=\"Draco_legislator\" width=\"60%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draco_(legislator)\n\" target=\"_blank\">Draco_(legislator)\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">立法者德拉古(Draco)的後世畫像。 據雅典文獻記載,德拉古是古希臘雅典的首位立法者。 不過,一些學者認為,這個人物也可能是虛構的,至少關於他的記錄應該是真假參半。 但無論如何,《德拉古法》是在這個時期制定的,讓成文法取代了原始的口頭法和血仇制度,是社會發展的巨大進步。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n德拉古應該是雅典當時的執政官之一,負責司法。 公元前 621 年,他主持制定雅典第一部成文法,後人稱為《德拉古法》。 作為雅典歷史上的第一部成文法,它雖然具有重要意義,但在後世看來,該律法條文非常粗糙。 比如,它規定債權人可以把欠債人及其家屬賣到外國為奴;差不多所有罪狀均可判處死刑,就連「偷菜」甚至「懶惰」這樣的指控,都可能將當事人判處死刑。\n\n據說有人曾經問過德拉古,為什麼對大多數的犯罪採取如此嚴苛的量刑? 死刑未免過重了。 他回答道:在他看來,輕罪理應處死;至於更大的罪,因為暫時找不到比死刑更具震懾力的懲罰,也只好處死了事兒。\n\n德拉古的刑法如此嚴酷,以至有人評價說,這些法律不是用墨水、而是用鮮血寫成的。 直到今天,一項專橫冷酷的法律或者裁決都會被描述成 「德拉古式的」。\n\n雖然有了人人都要遵守的法律,但古往今來的無數案例告訴我們,嚴刑峻法未能平息矛盾,反而加劇社會對立。 既然小偷小摸和殺人放火都需要承擔同等後果,那很多人會被迫選擇鋌而走險,讓社會承擔更嚴重的結果。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.34/1767496219649_Draco32.jpg\" alt=\"Draco_legislator\" width=\"70%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draco_(legislator)\n\" target=\"_blank\">Draco_(legislator)\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">美國最高法大樓上的德拉古(Draco)浮雕,與他同列者還有漢謨拉比、摩西,孔子等偉大的法律或秩序制定者。 律法即人人均需遵守的強制性規則,其出現是社會發展的里程碑,因此值得永遠紀念。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n> (雅典的)政治權利僅屬於那些持械服兵役者。 這類權利尤惠及低階貴族;而若想當選將軍或騎兵統帥,則需擁有逾 100 明那的財產,且需娶雅典籍合法妻子,並育有年滿十歲的子女。\n>\n> 凡無故或過失殺害雅典同胞者,須永久流放雅典。 若殺人者向死者家屬致歉,且家屬接受其歉意,則該殺人者可獲准留居雅典。\n>\n> 遇害人的親屬有權緝拿兇手並將其押送至官府候審。 若親屬親手殺死兇手,則會被禁止進入雅典廣場、不得參與各類公共競賽,且終身不得踏入聖域。\n>\u003Cbr>\n> --《德拉古法典》\n\n德拉古法典日後被認為嚴苛到令人無法容忍,尤其是對輕微罪行亦動輒處以死刑的量刑原則;這部法典或許也難以令當時的統治者滿意,正因如此,公元前 594 年,梭倫上台擔任執政官後,便廢除了德拉古法典並頒布了新法,僅保留了其中有關殺人罪的條款。\n\n法典背後的嚴苛本質,或許只是貴族派系維系權力的手段,同時也是為了遏制可能延續數代的血親復仇。 此外,貴族階層除憑藉實際政治權力外,還通過成文法律的形式,找到了合法掠奪貧民土地的途徑。 在德拉古法典的框架下,統治者的權力行使皆 「有法可依」,而在他們看來,這便是所謂的正義了。\n\n## 參考資料\n\n\n\n《埃及、希腊与罗马 : 古代\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mediterranean Sea\" lon=\"18\" lat=\"34\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"3\">地中海\u003C/span>文明》；查尔斯·弗里曼；李大维 刘亮[译]；民主与建设出版社 2020-9\n\n《希腊人和希腊文明》；[瑞士]雅各布·布克哈特 ；王大庆[译]；上海人民出版社 2012-04\n\n《希腊3500年》；罗德里克·比顿；徐一彤[译]；中信出版社 2022-12\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece\" target=\"_blank\">Ancient Greece\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draco_(legislator)\n\" target=\"_blank\">Draco the Legislator\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n\n","德拉古立法是雅典第一部成文法,以嚴酷著稱,輕罪即死刑,雖確立法治形式,卻未能解決社會矛盾,為梭倫改革埋下伏筆。","德拉古:用鮮血寫就法典,輕罪也要處死,雅典為何會出現如此嚴酷法律?","賽倫暴動後,雅典急需秩序,於是誕生了人類史上最嚴酷法典之一:偷菜、懶惰都可能被判死刑。","zh-tw",0.7,[23,31,39,47,55,63,71,79,87,95,103,111,119,127,135,143],{"id":24,"name":25,"keywords":4,"slug":26,"author":7,"ogImage":27,"isBlog":4,"createDate":28,"updateDate":29,"description":30},"8937d3fd1b814f4f8fb500f806c3f47d","神話中誕生的雅典","athens-and-her-myths","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283592436_720_1765861793133_Athena.jpg","2026-03-07T13:44:11","2026-03-07T13:44:39","雅典從新石器時代定居點發展為邁錫尼中心,在神話中由雅典娜守護,忒修斯統一阿提卡,成為古希臘文明與民主的發源地。",{"id":32,"name":33,"keywords":4,"slug":34,"author":7,"ogImage":35,"isBlog":4,"createDate":36,"updateDate":37,"description":38},"a77310128dbf4b039d48a302244c581f","雅典梭倫改革","solon-reforms","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290745339_720_1766470048082_solon52.jpg","2026-02-25T22:32:00","2026-03-12T12:56:45","梭倫改革是公元前 594 年雅典最重要的社會與政治改革,廢除債務奴隸制、按財產劃分公民等級、建立陪審法庭,奠定西方民主制度基礎。\n",{"id":40,"name":41,"keywords":4,"slug":42,"author":7,"ogImage":43,"isBlog":4,"createDate":44,"updateDate":45,"description":46},"919b416e88614c30a4a7c0e644ac0d12","雅典執政官制度","emergence-of-the-archon-system","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290389975_720_1765864819085_Archon.jpg","2026-03-07T15:03:08","2026-03-07T15:03:40","雅典執政官制度取代世襲王權,從終身、十年任期到一年一選,從 1 人到 9 人分權,戰神山議事會掌權,奠定民主改革基礎。",{"id":48,"name":49,"keywords":4,"slug":50,"author":7,"ogImage":51,"isBlog":4,"createDate":52,"updateDate":53,"description":54},"ba466fa2bd764277afaed94930cca1bd","皮洛士戰爭","pyrrhic-war","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770291637619_720_1770035579003_Pyrrhic-War.jpg","2026-03-07T18:09:34","2026-03-07T18:10:05","公元前 280-前 275 年,伊庇魯斯國王皮洛士兩度擊敗羅馬,卻付出慘重代價,誕生 「皮洛士式勝利」。 羅馬最終統一意大利,邁出稱霸地中海的第一步。",{"id":56,"name":57,"keywords":4,"slug":58,"author":7,"ogImage":59,"isBlog":4,"createDate":60,"updateDate":61,"description":62},"1ff11f790154484882c2330ce9ee4dc8","地米斯托克利締造雅典海軍","themistocles","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773996650171_493BC.jpg","2026-03-20T16:49:16","2026-03-20T16:49:31","地米斯托克利以勞里昂銀礦收益打造雅典艦隊,修建港口與防禦工事,奠定雅典海上霸權根基,晚年卻遭陶片放逐、客死波斯。",{"id":64,"name":65,"keywords":4,"slug":66,"author":7,"ogImage":67,"isBlog":4,"createDate":68,"updateDate":69,"description":70},"f10b84ff69c44eb9a065a9120fae75e4","馬拉松戰役","battle-of-marathon","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770291266497_720_1767514856581_Battle_of_Marathon72.jpg","2026-03-07T17:28:47","2026-03-07T17:29:20","公元前 490 年馬拉松戰役,雅典重裝步兵在米太亞德指揮下以寡擊眾大敗波斯軍,捍衛了希臘獨立與雅典民主,也誕生了現代馬拉松長跑。",{"id":72,"name":73,"keywords":4,"slug":74,"author":7,"ogImage":75,"isBlog":4,"createDate":76,"updateDate":77,"description":78},"47a8b8099952445fb6dec0c099fa0542","希波戰爭","greco-persian-wars","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770291207033_720_1767604173163_Spartans_at_Plataea.jpg","2026-03-07T16:35:44","2026-03-07T16:36:14","希波戰爭(前 499 - 前 449 年)由愛奧尼亞起義點燃,波斯帝國為征服希臘、報復雅典而遠征,希臘城邦為捍衛獨立聯合抵抗,這場戰爭深刻影響了古希臘文明的走向。",{"id":80,"name":81,"keywords":4,"slug":82,"author":7,"ogImage":83,"isBlog":4,"createDate":84,"updateDate":85,"description":86},"df934351485e4a5db7fbdb3b962b4f54","克利斯提尼與雅典民主政體","cleisthenes-and-athenian-democratic-regime","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770291181987_720_1767607483610_The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg","2026-03-07T15:58:23","2026-03-07T15:58:46","克利斯提尼以地域取代血緣,建立德莫、三一區、十部落、五百人議事會與陶片放逐法,奠定雅典直接民主與主權在民的政體基礎。",{"id":88,"name":89,"keywords":4,"slug":90,"author":7,"ogImage":91,"isBlog":4,"createDate":92,"updateDate":93,"description":94},"7b7ef21e726e46949a3dcd3a668a6504","庇西特拉圖與僭主政治","pisistratus-and-tyrannical-politics","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290830871_720_1767493510403_Pisistratus32.jpg","2026-03-07T15:38:58","2026-03-07T15:39:30","庇西特拉圖以三次奪權成為雅典首位僭主,打擊貴族、扶持平民、發展文化與公共工程,其統治客觀上為克利斯提尼民主改革奠定基礎。",{"id":96,"name":97,"keywords":4,"slug":98,"author":7,"ogImage":99,"isBlog":4,"createDate":100,"updateDate":101,"description":102},"ef03580faf004abe90d29feefbab8905","希臘人與希臘文明","the-greeks-and-greek-civilization","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290366558_720_1765795709122_Agrigento-Tempio_della_Concordia01.jpg","2026-03-07T14:45:19","2026-03-07T14:46:46","古希臘由亞該亞人、愛奧尼亞人、多利安人、伊奧利亞人融合而成,在古風時代形成統一文化、文字、信仰與城邦文明。",{"id":104,"name":105,"keywords":4,"slug":106,"author":7,"ogImage":107,"isBlog":4,"createDate":108,"updateDate":109,"description":110},"6dfc438b53904bc7a4733667146c0c01","第一屆古代奧林匹克運動會","ancient-olympic-games","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283752083_720_1767604862500_Ancient-Olympic-Games.jpg","2026-03-07T14:29:56","2026-03-07T14:30:28","公元前 776 年,第一屆古代奧運會在奧林匹亞舉辦,僅設短跑項目,冠軍為廚師科羅布斯,開啟希臘古風時代與近 1200 年奧運傳統。",{"id":112,"name":113,"keywords":4,"slug":114,"author":7,"ogImage":115,"isBlog":4,"createDate":116,"updateDate":117,"description":118},"189f6f4b90c44310b4dfded323bcdc7e","希臘古風時期","archaic-greece","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283723164_720_000205_1720618388027.jpg","2026-03-07T14:06:38","2026-03-07T14:08:40","古風時期是希臘文明關鍵轉型期:邁錫尼文明後復甦、城邦興起、大規模海外殖民、藝術與政治制度奠基,為古典時代鋪路。",{"id":120,"name":121,"keywords":4,"slug":122,"author":7,"ogImage":123,"isBlog":4,"createDate":124,"updateDate":125,"description":126},"8f3f3b603b9146758e1c9d8a3cd6e497","古希臘荷馬時代","homeric-age-of-ancient-greece","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283164016_720_1765019833607_Mask-of-Agamemnon.jpg","2026-03-06T13:09:12","2026-03-06T13:09:49","荷馬時代為何被稱為古希臘 「黑暗時代」? 依託《荷馬史詩》與考古發現,解讀這段文明過渡時期的社會、政治與文化傳承。",{"id":128,"name":129,"keywords":4,"slug":130,"author":7,"ogImage":131,"isBlog":4,"createDate":132,"updateDate":133,"description":134},"480a16c534384973ba79c9e547c5cff5","邁錫尼文明消亡","demise-of-mycenaean-civilization","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283067928_720_1765026506785_Large_Krater_with_Armored_Men_Departing_for_Battle_Mycenae_acropolis_12th_century_BC.jpg","2026-03-06T10:42:15","2026-03-06T10:42:34","邁錫尼文明為何突然崩潰? 是海上民族入侵、多利亞人南下,還是內部經濟崩潰與內戰? 一文看懂古希臘文明的重大轉折。",{"id":136,"name":137,"keywords":4,"slug":138,"author":7,"ogImage":139,"isBlog":4,"createDate":140,"updateDate":141,"description":142},"cb379ebd67614a04b01b318201ccf1c6","邁錫尼文明的鼎盛期","mycenaean-palatial-bronze-age","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278551734_720_000186_1715741489174.jpg","2026-03-05T20:40:27","2026-03-05T20:40:46","邁錫尼文明於公元前 15 世紀進入鼎盛期,掌控愛琴海區域,修建衛城與宮殿,出土大量黃金文物,施里曼考古發現揭開其神秘面紗。",{"id":144,"name":145,"keywords":4,"slug":146,"author":7,"ogImage":147,"isBlog":4,"createDate":148,"updateDate":149,"description":150},"6d84c58e8d0149b0b0e5a2a726c3c49d","邁錫尼文明開啟","beginning-of-mycenaean-civilization","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278295553_720_1764141355734_Agamemnon.jpg","2026-03-02T22:44:59","2026-03-02T22:45:21","本文梳理邁錫尼文明如何取代克里特文明,介紹邁錫尼的城邦文化、尚武精神、線形文字 B、阿伽門農黃金面具,以及與《荷馬史詩》的歷史關聯。",1779891380082]