[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":152},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-downfall-of-old-babylonian-empire-zh-tw":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"古巴比伦王国灭亡","downfall-of-old-babylonian-empire","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278316887_720_1764148558825_Seals.jpg","article","2026-02-05T15:58:44","2024-02-15T13:24:46",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"古巴比倫王國滅亡","古巴比倫王國滅亡:內憂外患下的兩河文明落幕","古巴比倫王國滅亡|赫梯入侵 加喜特人 兩河流域","古巴比倫王國的滅亡,穆爾西里一世,巴比倫第一王朝,巴比倫","## 古巴比倫王國的消亡\n\n公元前 1750 年,在位 43 年的國王漢謨拉比去世。 古古巴比倫王國進入後期,總共出現了五位國王,統治了大約155年,公元前1595年壽終正寢。\n\n雖然古巴比倫統一了兩河流域,但地區的遺留勢力仍舊強大。 漢謨拉比去世後,其子薩姆蘇伊魯那(Sansuiluna)繼位不久,\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Larsa City\" lon=\"45.853\" lat=\"31.284\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">拉爾薩城\u003C/span>、\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Isin City\" lon=\"45.2693\" lat=\"31.8849\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">伊辛城\u003C/span>等地便先後發生了叛亂,漢謨拉比的繼承者不得不再次征服這些地區。 為了消除隱患,還破壞了當地的防禦工事並遷走人口。 加之先前的連年征戰,造成了很大的區域真空,讓帝國失去了保護屏障和緩衝地帶。 與此同時,東部山區也出現了大批從遠方遷徙而來的加喜特人(Kassites)部落,他們開始逐步滲入\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">美索不達米亞\u003C/span>的中心地帶,一些部落首領開始自稱為王並建立了一些小的政權。 加喜特人的來源不明,可能屬於雅利安人的一個分支(並無定論),他們的語言也可能屬於印歐語系。 在這種境況下,古巴比倫王朝可謂內憂外患。 叁蘇伊魯那統治的第30年,從蘇美爾時代就成為最重要宗教中心的\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Nippur City\" lon=\"45.2252\" lat=\"32.1228\" year=\"-2900\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">尼普爾城\u003C/span>也落入敵手,帝國只能坐守半壁江山。 到了漢謨拉比的孫輩時,古巴比倫王國的版圖基本回到了建國之初,變回了偏居一隅的小國。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000172/000172_1710130961945.png\" alt=\"加喜特人（Kassites）头像\" width=\"50%\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://www.realhistoryww.com/world_history/ancient/sumer_Iraq_4.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Sumer Iraq\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">加喜特人(Kassites)的頭像,來源待考證。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n漢謨拉比時代的征服非常成功,但也帶來了無可避免的副作用,原先圍繞巴比倫你爭我奪的那些勢力,現在都被嚴重削弱或完全不復存在了,這也將王國直接暴露給周邊的遊牧勢力。 一股意想不到的力量擊垮了古巴比倫王國。 公元前1595年,\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Asia Minor\" lon=\"32\" lat=\"39\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">小亞細亞\u003C/span>地區的赫梯人在穆爾西里一世(MursiliⅠ,在位時間約前1620-前1590)的統領下順河南下,入侵巴比倫。 赫梯人可能是另一支具有雅利安血統的遊牧部落(並無定論),文化相對落後,他們最終戰勝了巴比倫的軍隊,洗劫了整座城市,將大批俘虜和財寶掠往\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Asia Minor\" lon=\"32\" lat=\"39\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">小亞細亞\u003C/span>,其中包括主神馬杜克(Marduk,古巴比倫的「至上之神」)的金像。 古巴比倫王朝就此滅亡。\n\n導致古巴比倫王朝滅亡的原因有很多,其中最重要的一個原因就是兩河流域地區無險可守。 一馬平川的王國很容易暴露在四周的強敵中,這同樣也是導致先前阿卡德王國和烏爾第三王國滅亡的重要原因。 與之形成鮮明對照,隔著\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Sinai Peninsula\" lon=\"33.8333\" lat=\"29.5\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">西奈半島\u003C/span>的古埃及便「幸運」得多,古埃及的王朝脈絡被「外族」打斷的頻率要少很多。\n\n巴比倫第一王朝雖然滅亡了,但巴比倫文明還在繼續,未來還會見證更輝煌的時代。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.29/1763174656034_god-Shamash.jpg\" alt=\"god-Shamash\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon\" target=\"_blank\">Babylon\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">出土於\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Sippar City\" lon=\"44.2522\" lat=\"33.0588\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">西帕爾城\u003C/span>(Sippar City)的滾筒印章和展開圖像,描繪了巴比倫國王向該城守護神沙馬什(Shamash)獻祭動物的場景。 國王手持權杖、站在矩形棋盤式的基座上,他的面前是一位女神;然後是國王的另一次出現(滾筒印章的另一面),他的左手持有獻祭的動物,右手做祈禱狀;而沙馬什的形象很有趣,這位大神腳踩著一頭臥著的人首公牛,手裏還握有一件鋸齒狀的器物。 滾筒印章在蘇美爾時代就開始流行,是兩河文明的標誌物品之一,而這枚印章製作於漢謨拉比大帝的統治時期,或更早。 作為太陽神的沙馬什曾經是「至高無上的」,但後來,他的主神地位被來自\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Babylon City\" lon=\"44.4192\" lat=\"32.5352\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">巴比倫城\u003C/span>的馬杜克神取代。 其實,人以神為榮,「我的神」 一定比 「你的神」 更神一些,並且在主流歷史和統治者眼中,神權從來都是為王權服務的,神只有在面對底層民眾時,才真正具有 「神力」,是 「王權天授」 的吉祥物,或傀儡。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n## 參考資料\n\n\n\n《世界史的故事》苏珊·怀斯·鲍尔；徐彬[译]；中信出版社 2023-04\n\n《巴比伦：\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">美索不达米亚\u003C/span>和文明的诞生》保罗·克里瓦切克；陈沅[译]；社会科学文献出版社 2019-12\n\n《巴比伦尼亚》；[澳大利亚] 特雷弗·布赖斯；赵娜[译]；译林出版社 2022-08\n\n《中东的王国和帝国（美国国家地理全球史）》；美国国家地理学会编著；周恒涛[译]；现代出版社 2022-06\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/zh/1-53/\" target=\"_blank\">巴比伦\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk\" target=\"_blank\">Marduk\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n\n","公元前 1595 年,古巴比倫王國在赫梯入侵、加喜特人滲透及自身內憂下滅亡,雖王國覆滅,但巴比倫文明得以延續。","古巴比倫王國之亡:從漢謨拉比鼎盛到赫梯洗劫","漢謨拉比去世後,古巴比倫內有叛亂、外有強敵,最終被赫梯人擊垮,王國消亡但兩河文明的火種未滅。","zh-tw",0.7,[24,32,40,48,56,64,72,80,88,96,104,112,120,128,136,144],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":30,"description":31},"34e39df252184aa8815f35c6eb150a54","古巴比倫王國","first-babylonian-dynasty","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278113219_720_1764047121010_Cylinder_seal_of_Shulgi.jpg","2026-03-05T15:04:35","2026-03-05T15:05:02","古巴比倫王國由阿摩利人建立,漢謨拉比大帝統一兩河流域、頒布《漢謨拉比法典》,後續歷經多個巴比倫王朝,是兩河流域文明的重要代表。\n",{"id":33,"name":34,"keywords":4,"slug":35,"author":7,"ogImage":36,"isBlog":4,"createDate":37,"updateDate":38,"description":39},"90ea45dba4aa49178779c487004c272f","蟄伏期的巴比倫","babylon-assyrian-period","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283020766_720_1765021165321_nebuchadnezzar-1.jpg","2026-03-06T10:37:40","2026-03-06T10:38:14","青銅時代後,巴比倫歷經多個短命王朝,從尼布甲尼撒一世的短暫輝煌到淪為亞述附庸,解讀其蟄伏期的興衰與時代背景。\n",{"id":41,"name":42,"keywords":4,"slug":43,"author":7,"ogImage":44,"isBlog":4,"createDate":45,"updateDate":46,"description":47},"37c7166086b74b06933c04804257a88f","加喜特巴比倫王朝","third-babylonian-dynasty","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278352781_720_1764148860639_third-Babylonian-dynasty.jpg","2026-03-05T19:53:41","2026-03-05T19:54:14","赫梯人撤離後,加喜特人占領巴比倫建立第三王朝(前 1530~ 前 1157 年),延續巴比倫文化,最終被埃蘭人滅亡,終結統治。",{"id":49,"name":50,"keywords":4,"slug":51,"author":7,"ogImage":52,"isBlog":4,"createDate":53,"updateDate":54,"description":55},"e2381a65d2c64847a7f2676f900fb320","《漢謨拉比法典》","code-of-hammurabi","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278191829_720_1764138520665_Code_of_Hammurabi.jpg","2026-03-05T15:57:10","2026-03-05T15:57:45","《漢謨拉比法典》是古巴比倫漢謨拉比頒布的成文法,刻於玄武岩石柱,涵蓋社會多領域,是古代近東保存最完好的法律文本。",{"id":57,"name":58,"keywords":4,"slug":59,"author":7,"ogImage":60,"isBlog":4,"createDate":61,"updateDate":62,"description":63},"2d7652a378004028bd878952332ba58d","阿摩利人的諸多王國","rise-of-amorites","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277999705_720_1764052116575_Cuneiform_Clay_Tablets_from_Amorite_Kingdom_of_Mari,_1st_Half_of_2nd_Mill._BC.jpg","2026-03-05T14:30:17","2026-03-05T14:30:37","烏爾第三王朝滅亡後,阿摩利人在兩河流域建立眾多王國,形成伊辛、拉爾薩、古巴比倫、亞述等勢力,開啟閃米特主導的新時代。",{"id":65,"name":66,"keywords":4,"slug":67,"author":7,"ogImage":68,"isBlog":4,"createDate":69,"updateDate":70,"description":71},"67bdd9ec9ed94af1a05060ee9b536525","繩紋文化","jomon-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779869915894_jomon-culture.jpg","2026-05-27T22:08:23","2026-05-27T22:09:00","繩紋文化(Jōmon Culture)是日本列島持續時間最長的史前文化,以繩紋陶器、火焰紋陶器與神秘土偶聞名。 本文系統介紹繩紋文化的年代、社會結構、藝術傳統、繩紋人的起源及其與現代日本人的關係。",{"id":73,"name":74,"keywords":4,"slug":75,"author":7,"ogImage":76,"isBlog":4,"createDate":77,"updateDate":78,"description":79},"e85f3773b7624b34ba0a950c83050f14","末次冰盛期","last-glacial-maximum","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779866970213_last-glacial-maximum3.jpg","2026-05-27T16:11:50","2026-05-27T16:12:42","深度解析距今約2.6萬年前的末次冰盛期(LGM)。 本文將結合米蘭科維奇循環模型,帶您直觀了解海平面下降130米、陸橋裸露後的全球地理巨變,以及極寒環境如何將舊石器晚期智人鍛造為全球擴散的頂級適應者。",{"id":81,"name":82,"keywords":4,"slug":83,"author":7,"ogImage":84,"isBlog":4,"createDate":85,"updateDate":86,"description":87},"3430c1759ae64ef28ee275be703e3ff7","馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化","malta-buret-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276830881_720_1761535507344_Princess_of_Xiaohe2.jpg","2026-02-27T20:06:48","2026-03-12T12:59:20","什麼是馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化? 古代歐亞北部人(ANE)是誰? 本文講解這支 2.4 萬年前的西伯利亞文化、基因貢獻及與小河公主的關係。",{"id":89,"name":90,"keywords":4,"slug":91,"author":7,"ogImage":92,"isBlog":4,"createDate":93,"updateDate":94,"description":95},"ac264b8d3e66438da6607447071ee4c2","北京直立人","homo-erectus-pekinensis","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779777251042_peking-man5.jpg","2026-05-26T15:40:38","2026-05-26T15:40:58","北京直立人(Homo erectus pekinensis)是中國最重要的古人類化石之一。 本文系統介紹北京人的發現歷史、石器工具、生活方式、用火問題,以及其在人類演化和現代東亞人起源爭議中的地位。",{"id":97,"name":98,"keywords":4,"slug":99,"author":7,"ogImage":100,"isBlog":4,"createDate":101,"updateDate":102,"description":103},"0ecc0752e901485383ef2f8f6dd974cd","克洛維斯文化","clovis-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779775149260_clovis-culture-background.jpg","2026-05-26T17:10:54","2026-05-26T17:11:52","深度解析北美舊石器時代晚期的克洛維斯文化。 探索精美絕倫的燕尾槽石矛工藝,反思「克洛維斯第一」假說的顛覆,並揭秘新仙女木期氣候驟變與人類圍獵如何共同終結了北美猛獁象與乳齒象的巨獸時代。",{"id":105,"name":106,"keywords":4,"slug":107,"author":7,"ogImage":108,"isBlog":4,"createDate":109,"updateDate":110,"description":111},"683d1a08052e40edb630405652eb52bf","人類進入美洲大陸","humans-entered-the-new-world","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276871277_720_1761549850669_fossilized-footprints32.jpg","2026-02-27T21:18:30","2026-03-04T22:23:21","人類何時進入美洲? 白令陸橋如何形成? 白沙腳印、蒙特韋德、克洛維斯文化分別證明了什麼? 本文系統梳理人類拓殖美洲的完整歷史。",{"id":113,"name":114,"keywords":4,"slug":115,"author":7,"ogImage":116,"isBlog":4,"createDate":117,"updateDate":118,"description":119},"3e4128c6ce5045ea9a7832a51bc328a2","莫斯特文化","mousterian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779776644371_mousterian52.jpg","2026-05-26T16:50:31","2026-05-26T16:51:43","莫斯特文化(Mousterian)是舊石器時代中期最重要的石器工業之一,與尼安德特人密切相關。 本文系統介紹莫斯特文化的起源、勒瓦婁哇技術、工具特點、主要遺址,以及其在人類演化史中的重要地位。",{"id":121,"name":122,"keywords":4,"slug":123,"author":7,"ogImage":124,"isBlog":4,"createDate":125,"updateDate":126,"description":127},"fae2bb675a97427e97f33bd0085faa79","最早的車輪和犁","invention-of-wheels-and-plough","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277127559_720_1762914174723_1599px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg","2026-02-28T15:01:18","2026-03-04T22:26:58","車輪和犁最早在哪裡發明? 蘇美爾人如何從製陶輪走向車輪與犁耕? 本文講透人類兩大關鍵技術的起源與影響。\n",{"id":129,"name":130,"keywords":4,"slug":131,"author":7,"ogImage":132,"isBlog":4,"createDate":133,"updateDate":134,"description":135},"26b859c8750d4187a9b2bc105417dc69","阿舍利文化","acheulean-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779440045036_acheulean52.jpg","2026-05-22T21:28:33","2026-05-22T21:28:51","阿舍利文化(Acheulean)是史前人類技術文明的重大飛躍。 本文全面解密距今170萬至20萬年前的「模式-2」石器工業,帶你探索兼具兩面打製與對稱美學的「遠古瑞士軍刀」手斧,以及直立人跨越非歐亞大陸的生存智慧。",{"id":137,"name":138,"keywords":4,"slug":139,"author":7,"ogImage":140,"isBlog":4,"createDate":141,"updateDate":142,"description":143},"66819a421b1640618f188698d57077b2","奧杜威文化","oldowan-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779440030720_oldowan-culture-background2.jpg","2026-05-22T21:03:39","2026-05-22T21:06:21","奧杜威文化(Oldowan)是人類歷史上首個有意識、標準化的工具製作模式。 本文全面解析距今260萬至170萬年前的「模式-1」石器工業,帶你探訪東非奧杜威峽谷、格魯吉亞德馬尼西及中國西侯度等見證人類技術黎明的史前遺址。",{"id":145,"name":146,"keywords":4,"slug":147,"author":7,"ogImage":148,"isBlog":4,"createDate":149,"updateDate":150,"description":151},"397fdaa317044fa992bff0a464b61917","","hamburgian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779436529399_hamburgian.jpg","2026-05-22T15:36:23","2026-05-22T15:39:18","本文帶你走進舊石器時代晚期的漢堡文化(Hamburgian)。 探索這群活躍於1.5萬年前北歐平原的冰緣狩獵採集者,如何靠精湛的肩狀石尖器與捕獵馴鹿在寒冷冰期末期生存與演化。",1779891380745]