[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":151},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-downfall-of-akkadian-empire-zh-tw":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"历史上的第一个帝国覆灭","downfall-of-akkadian-empire","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277800570_720_1764039150481_stele_of_Naram-Sin.jpg","article","2026-02-05T15:50:08","2025-10-30T10:25:22",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"阿卡德覆滅","歷史上第一個帝國的覆滅:阿卡德帝國的衰亡","阿卡德帝國的覆滅|納拉姆辛、庫提人入侵與人類首個帝國的崩潰","阿卡德覆滅,那臘姆辛,美索不達米亞","## 阿卡德帝國的覆滅\n\n納拉姆辛(Naram-Sin,公元前2254-前2218年)是阿卡德帝國後期功績最大的統治者。 他是馬尼什圖蘇之子,繼承了祖父薩爾貢的豐功偉業,並繼續擴展了帝國的版圖,使阿卡德的勢力達到巔峰。\n\n但納拉姆辛也同樣面臨著各地層出不窮的叛亂,其中最嚴重的反抗來自被壓迫的蘇美爾人,特別是以\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Kish City\" lon=\"44.65\" lat=\"32.55\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">基什城\u003C/span>為中心的反抗,一些\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Akkad City\" lon=\"44.1\" lat=\"33.1\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">阿卡德城\u003C/span>鎮也參與其中。 但納拉姆辛成功地鎮壓了這些內部起義,不僅如此,他還再次擴大了阿卡德帝國的領土,將當時人們所知道的「最遠邊界」也包含在了帝國範圍內。 納拉姆辛的勝利被記錄在一塊著名的石碑上,即「納拉姆辛勝利石碑」。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000167/000167_1710145555193.jpg\" alt=\"纳拉姆辛胜利石雕\" width=\"60%\"  />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/356/victory-stele-of-naram-sin/\" target=\"_blank\">World History\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">著名的「納拉姆辛勝利石雕」,畫面中納拉姆辛頭戴牛角王冠,手持弓箭和武器,他好像正踩過敵人的屍體去爬上一個陡峭的山峰,士兵們則緊跟其後;也許是為了體現納拉姆辛的偉大,士兵的造型小了不少。 在最上方,象徵著神啟的兩顆星星在指引納拉姆辛進軍的方向。 這幅著名的石雕可能完成於公元前2250年左右,公元前12世紀被運送到\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Susa City\" lon=\"48.2436\" lat=\"32.1942\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">蘇薩城\u003C/span>(現伊朗境內)。 現在看到的石碑實物於1992年被修復過,現收藏於\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Paris\" lon=\"2.3488\" lat=\"48.8534\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">巴黎\u003C/span>盧浮宮,是\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Louvre Museum\" lon=\"2.3376\" lat=\"48.8606\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">盧浮宮博物館\u003C/span>的一件鎮館之寶,可見其珍貴程度。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n也許是文化傳說賦予的生命力,納拉姆辛和薩爾貢大帝的故事在數千年後仍在\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">美索不達米亞\u003C/span>傳頌,還成了許多故事、傳說,以及詩歌的主題,儘管人們早已忘記了這個帝國,它的故事也變得面目全非。 但有趣的是,在一個流傳很廣的傳說中,納拉姆辛變成了一位不敬神的英雄形象,人們記住他是因為他摧毀了阿卡德帝國,這個故事被記錄在《阿卡德的詛咒》一書,該書在烏爾第三王朝時期(約公元前 2112-前 2004 年)寫成。 不過現在的學者認為這些傳說基本都是虛構的,納拉姆辛被選作主角純粹是因為他太出名了。 而他之所以如此出名,很大的原因是他將自己完全神化了,而這種行為在兩河流域尚屬首次。 荒謬的謊言卻獲得了最好的效果,這些統治者的成功也讓後人唏噓不已。\n\n納拉姆辛是阿卡德王朝最後一位偉大的君主,他死後不久,先前臣服的埃蘭地區便宣布獨立。 埃蘭拋棄了強加給他們的阿卡德語(屬於閃米特語族,文字最初借鑑了蘇美爾的楔形文,有大量蘇美爾元素),繼續使用自己的民族語言,埃蘭國王也自稱「宇宙之王」,這讓繼承了「主宰世界之王」頭銜的薩爾貢繼承者無力應對。 最終,阿卡德帝國在蘇美爾人、盧盧比人、庫提人、敘利亞遊牧民族以及阿摩利人的叛亂下土崩瓦解。\n\n王國的最後一位國王,納拉姆辛之子沙爾卡利沙瑞(Sharkalisharri)在公元前2193年的一次宮廷政變中死於非命。 這也標誌了阿卡德帝國滅亡。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.28/1764039150481_stele_of_Naram-Sin.jpg\" alt=\"stele_of_Naram-Sin\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad\" target=\"_blank\">Naram-Sin of Akkad\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">納拉姆辛石碑細節,約公元前2254-前2215年。\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Istanbul\" lon=\"28.9804\" lat=\"41.0075\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">伊斯坦布爾\u003C/span>古代東方博物館。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.28/1764039434431_Cuneiform_inscription_on_the_Bassetki_statue,_Akkadian_period,_23rd_century_BCE,_from_Bassetki,_Iraq._Iraq_Museum_(corrected_for_perspective).jpg\" alt=\"Cuneiform inscription\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad\" target=\"_blank\">Naram-Sin of Akkad\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">古阿卡德語楔形文字銘文。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\n## 參考資料\n\n\n\n《世界史的故事》苏珊·怀斯·鲍尔；徐彬[译]；中信出版社 2023-04\n\n《中东的王国和帝国（美国国家地理全球史）》；美国国家地理学会编著；周恒涛[译]；现代出版社 2022-06\n\n《苏美尔人》伦纳德·伍雷； 王献华 魏桢力[译]；上海三联书店 2021-01\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad\" target=\"_blank\">Naram-Sin of Akkad\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n","納拉姆辛死後,阿卡德帝國迅速衰落,在內外叛亂與蠻族入侵下滅亡,人類歷史上第一個帝國就此終結,兩河重回城邦時代。","阿卡德帝國覆滅:人類首個帝國為何突然崩潰?","強盛一時的阿卡德帝國在納拉姆辛之後迅速瓦解,外族入侵與內部反叛共同終結了這個開創性的古代帝國。","zh-tw",0.7,[24,32,40,48,56,64,72,79,87,95,103,111,119,127,135,143],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":30,"description":31},"fae2bb675a97427e97f33bd0085faa79","最早的車輪和犁","invention-of-wheels-and-plough","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277127559_720_1762914174723_1599px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg","2026-02-28T15:01:18","2026-03-04T22:26:58","車輪和犁最早在哪裡發明? 蘇美爾人如何從製陶輪走向車輪與犁耕? 本文講透人類兩大關鍵技術的起源與影響。\n",{"id":33,"name":34,"keywords":4,"slug":35,"author":7,"ogImage":36,"isBlog":4,"createDate":37,"updateDate":38,"description":39},"9d6ffc016ad5496ea6cb688dbe06edf2","王權『自天而降』","sumerian-king-list","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277186433_720_000171_1710127538406.jpg","2026-02-28T17:08:35","2026-03-12T13:00:58","蘇美爾王表為何說 「王權自天而降」? 本文解讀人類最早的王權神話、埃利都、阿魯利姆、大洪水與王權神授觀念的起源。\n",{"id":41,"name":42,"keywords":4,"slug":43,"author":7,"ogImage":44,"isBlog":4,"createDate":45,"updateDate":46,"description":47},"37c7166086b74b06933c04804257a88f","加喜特巴比倫王朝","third-babylonian-dynasty","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278352781_720_1764148860639_third-Babylonian-dynasty.jpg","2026-03-05T19:53:41","2026-03-05T19:54:14","赫梯人撤離後,加喜特人占領巴比倫建立第三王朝(前 1530~ 前 1157 年),延續巴比倫文化,最終被埃蘭人滅亡,終結統治。",{"id":49,"name":50,"keywords":4,"slug":51,"author":7,"ogImage":52,"isBlog":4,"createDate":53,"updateDate":54,"description":55},"509949b4a5354c3ab6ef2f92b799d256","沙姆什 - 阿達德一世與亞述王國","shamshi-adad-i-and-assyrian-kingdom","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278144847_720_000173_1762999131031_000173_1710132937266.jpg","2026-03-05T15:18:23","2026-03-05T15:57:31","沙姆什 - 阿達德一世(阿摩利人)攻佔亞述與馬瑞地區,建立亞述王國,掌控兩河流域上游貿易,雖死後帝國崩潰,但為亞述文明奠定基礎。",{"id":57,"name":58,"keywords":4,"slug":59,"author":7,"ogImage":60,"isBlog":4,"createDate":61,"updateDate":62,"description":63},"213ea5a691fc41e1ad791a7e019b462c","烏爾第三王朝","third-dynasty-of-ur","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277824740_720_1764042533754_Sumerian_Cylinder_Seal_of_King_Ur-Nammu.jpg","2026-03-05T13:45:50","2026-03-05T13:46:07","烏爾第三王朝是蘇美爾文明最後的黃金時代,由烏爾納姆建立,統一兩河流域,復興文化與信仰,頒布已知最早成文法典,最終被埃蘭所滅。",{"id":65,"name":66,"keywords":4,"slug":67,"author":7,"ogImage":68,"isBlog":4,"createDate":69,"updateDate":70,"description":71},"37a8f3ba255846fc878e141afbb90230","薩爾貢與阿卡德帝國","sargon-the-great-akkadian-empire","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277603372_720_1763997605352_Sargon_of_Akkad_and_dignitaries.jpg","2026-03-05T11:56:13","2026-03-05T11:56:50","薩爾貢大帝結束蘇美爾城邦混戰,建立人類歷史上第一個多民族中央集權帝國 -- 阿卡德帝國,統一兩河流域,開創西亞帝國時代。",{"id":73,"name":74,"keywords":4,"slug":75,"author":7,"ogImage":76,"isBlog":4,"createDate":77,"updateDate":77,"description":78},"89e02db998be4b77818bb602e198ecff","人類最早的文明","origin-of-mesopotamian-civilization","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277056630_720_000153_1710133726312.jpg","2026-02-28T10:37:21","人類最早文明誕生在哪裡? 蘇美爾人是誰? 楔形文字、城邦、種族與文明的定義。 本文系統講解兩河流域文明的開端。",{"id":80,"name":81,"keywords":4,"slug":82,"author":7,"ogImage":83,"isBlog":4,"createDate":84,"updateDate":85,"description":86},"67bdd9ec9ed94af1a05060ee9b536525","繩紋文化","jomon-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779869915894_jomon-culture.jpg","2026-05-27T22:08:23","2026-05-27T22:09:00","繩紋文化(Jōmon Culture)是日本列島持續時間最長的史前文化,以繩紋陶器、火焰紋陶器與神秘土偶聞名。 本文系統介紹繩紋文化的年代、社會結構、藝術傳統、繩紋人的起源及其與現代日本人的關係。",{"id":88,"name":89,"keywords":4,"slug":90,"author":7,"ogImage":91,"isBlog":4,"createDate":92,"updateDate":93,"description":94},"e85f3773b7624b34ba0a950c83050f14","末次冰盛期","last-glacial-maximum","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779866970213_last-glacial-maximum3.jpg","2026-05-27T16:11:50","2026-05-27T16:12:42","深度解析距今約2.6萬年前的末次冰盛期(LGM)。 本文將結合米蘭科維奇循環模型,帶您直觀了解海平面下降130米、陸橋裸露後的全球地理巨變,以及極寒環境如何將舊石器晚期智人鍛造為全球擴散的頂級適應者。",{"id":96,"name":97,"keywords":4,"slug":98,"author":7,"ogImage":99,"isBlog":4,"createDate":100,"updateDate":101,"description":102},"3430c1759ae64ef28ee275be703e3ff7","馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化","malta-buret-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276830881_720_1761535507344_Princess_of_Xiaohe2.jpg","2026-02-27T20:06:48","2026-03-12T12:59:20","什麼是馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化? 古代歐亞北部人(ANE)是誰? 本文講解這支 2.4 萬年前的西伯利亞文化、基因貢獻及與小河公主的關係。",{"id":104,"name":105,"keywords":4,"slug":106,"author":7,"ogImage":107,"isBlog":4,"createDate":108,"updateDate":109,"description":110},"ac264b8d3e66438da6607447071ee4c2","北京直立人","homo-erectus-pekinensis","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779777251042_peking-man5.jpg","2026-05-26T15:40:38","2026-05-26T15:40:58","北京直立人(Homo erectus pekinensis)是中國最重要的古人類化石之一。 本文系統介紹北京人的發現歷史、石器工具、生活方式、用火問題,以及其在人類演化和現代東亞人起源爭議中的地位。",{"id":112,"name":113,"keywords":4,"slug":114,"author":7,"ogImage":115,"isBlog":4,"createDate":116,"updateDate":117,"description":118},"0ecc0752e901485383ef2f8f6dd974cd","克洛維斯文化","clovis-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779775149260_clovis-culture-background.jpg","2026-05-26T17:10:54","2026-05-26T17:11:52","深度解析北美舊石器時代晚期的克洛維斯文化。 探索精美絕倫的燕尾槽石矛工藝,反思「克洛維斯第一」假說的顛覆,並揭秘新仙女木期氣候驟變與人類圍獵如何共同終結了北美猛獁象與乳齒象的巨獸時代。",{"id":120,"name":121,"keywords":4,"slug":122,"author":7,"ogImage":123,"isBlog":4,"createDate":124,"updateDate":125,"description":126},"683d1a08052e40edb630405652eb52bf","人類進入美洲大陸","humans-entered-the-new-world","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276871277_720_1761549850669_fossilized-footprints32.jpg","2026-02-27T21:18:30","2026-03-04T22:23:21","人類何時進入美洲? 白令陸橋如何形成? 白沙腳印、蒙特韋德、克洛維斯文化分別證明了什麼? 本文系統梳理人類拓殖美洲的完整歷史。",{"id":128,"name":129,"keywords":4,"slug":130,"author":7,"ogImage":131,"isBlog":4,"createDate":132,"updateDate":133,"description":134},"3e4128c6ce5045ea9a7832a51bc328a2","莫斯特文化","mousterian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779776644371_mousterian52.jpg","2026-05-26T16:50:31","2026-05-26T16:51:43","莫斯特文化(Mousterian)是舊石器時代中期最重要的石器工業之一,與尼安德特人密切相關。 本文系統介紹莫斯特文化的起源、勒瓦婁哇技術、工具特點、主要遺址,以及其在人類演化史中的重要地位。",{"id":136,"name":137,"keywords":4,"slug":138,"author":7,"ogImage":139,"isBlog":4,"createDate":140,"updateDate":141,"description":142},"26b859c8750d4187a9b2bc105417dc69","阿舍利文化","acheulean-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779440045036_acheulean52.jpg","2026-05-22T21:28:33","2026-05-22T21:28:51","阿舍利文化(Acheulean)是史前人類技術文明的重大飛躍。 本文全面解密距今170萬至20萬年前的「模式-2」石器工業,帶你探索兼具兩面打製與對稱美學的「遠古瑞士軍刀」手斧,以及直立人跨越非歐亞大陸的生存智慧。",{"id":144,"name":145,"keywords":4,"slug":146,"author":7,"ogImage":147,"isBlog":4,"createDate":148,"updateDate":149,"description":150},"66819a421b1640618f188698d57077b2","奧杜威文化","oldowan-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779440030720_oldowan-culture-background2.jpg","2026-05-22T21:03:39","2026-05-22T21:06:21","奧杜威文化(Oldowan)是人類歷史上首個有意識、標準化的工具製作模式。 本文全面解析距今260萬至170萬年前的「模式-1」石器工業,帶你探訪東非奧杜威峽谷、格魯吉亞德馬尼西及中國西侯度等見證人類技術黎明的史前遺址。",1779891380877]