[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":152},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-division-of-united-kingdom-of-israel-zh-tw":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"以色列联合王国分裂","division-of-united-kingdom-of-israel","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283444369_720_1765173514774_Achav_palace_2.jpg","article","2026-02-05T17:24:10","2025-11-20T19:49:14",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"以色列聯合王國分裂","以色列聯合王國分裂:南北對峙、兩百年興衰與亞述巴比倫陰影下的命運","以色列聯合王國分裂:所羅門死後、南北兩國形成、以色列王國滅亡與猶大王國存續","以色列,猶太,以色列聯合王國分裂,羅波安,耶羅波安","## 以色列聯合王國分裂\n\n曾經以智慧著稱的所羅門王到了晚年時,卻變得昏庸無道起來。 他窮奢極侈、沉迷於女色,寵愛許多異族女子,還受她們的影響而崇拜異族之神;而百姓在沉重的賦稅下民不聊生,王國的情況每況愈下。 可以說,所羅門王的統治後期也是聯合王國由盛轉衰的起點。\n\n所羅門死後,其子羅波安(Rehoboam,約公元前930年-前913年)即位。 不久後,這個僅僅持續了不到 100 年的國家就發生了分裂,分裂為南北兩個王國。 南邊的國家被稱為猶太王國,首都仍是\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Jerusalem\" lon=\"35.2341\" lat=\"31.7736\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">耶路撒冷\u003C/span>。 而北方則被稱為以色列王國,包括了原先 12 個部落中的 10 個;這些部落拒絕效忠於新王,從統一王國中分離,經過數次遷都,最後在埃及的幫助下定都\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Samaria\" lon=\"35.1904\" lat=\"32.2762\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">撒瑪利亞\u003C/span>(Samaria)。\n\n王國南北分裂之後,原先的兄弟反目成仇,為了爭奪耶路撒冷北部邊界地區的土地,兩國陷入長達約 50 年的內戰,讓雙方均遭受了難以恢復的重創。 於是,王國境內的腓力斯丁人、摩押人、亞捫人等趁機紛紛獨立。 國土的喪失使以色列、猶太兩國都淪為次等國家,並在隨後淪為埃及和\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">美索不達米亞\u003C/span>等傳統豪強之間,無盡爭鬥過程中的犧牲品。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000191/000191_1718777886093.jpg\" alt=\"北方的以色列王国和南方犹太王国的大致区域\" width=\"50%\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">公元前 10 世紀-前 6 世紀時期,北方的以色列王國和南方猶太王國的大致區域,紅線為現今(2024)以色列的實際控制區。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n### 以色列王國\n\n分裂後的北部以色列王國(前930年-前722年),包括原聯合王國中的十個支派。 雖然版圖較大,經濟相對發達,但支派之間並不團結,從立國起便深陷王位爭奪與內亂。 在一百多年的時間裡,先後出現了 19 位國王,不少統治者都是通過陰謀篡位而獲得了權力。 統治者們過著驕奢淫逸的腐化生活,致使國內紛爭不斷,讓王國的實力不斷衰減。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000199/000199_1719298523159.png\" alt=\"以色列王国首都遗址\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://www.biblewalks.com/SamariaCity/\" target=\"_blank\">Bible walks\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">撒瑪利亞(Samaria)城牆遺址。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.33/1772805931744_Israelite_Bronze_Bull_Statuette,_Samaria,_Iron_Age_I,_12th_Century_BC_(43217369651).jpg\" alt=\"以色列王国时期的象牙工艺品\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_calf\" target=\"_blank\">Golden calf\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Samaria\" lon=\"35.1904\" lat=\"32.2762\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">撒瑪利亞\u003C/span>地區一處祭祀遺址出土的青銅小牛雕像,約公元前 12 世紀。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.33/1772805255743_Achav_palace_2.jpg\" alt=\"暗利王朝王宫遗址\" width=\"100%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)\" target=\"_blank\">Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">撒瑪利亞城中暗利王朝王宮遺址。\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Samaria\" lon=\"35.1904\" lat=\"32.2762\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">撒瑪利亞\u003C/span>在公元前 880 年至公元前 720 年間為以色列王國首都。\n\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000199/000199_1719298620423.png\" alt=\"普通以色列人房屋内部\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2881/reconstructed-israelite-house/\" target=\"_blank\">Reconstructed Israelite House\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">公元前10-前7世紀時期,普通以色列人的房屋內部。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n### 猶太王國\n\n與北部以色列王國相比,南方的猶太王國(前930年-前586年)面積較小,境內多山地,地形相對封閉,在經濟和資源方面都遠沒有北方富足。 但這種自然環境也一定程度上為其提供了保護,因此國祚比以色列王國多出百餘年。\n\n猶太王國一共經歷了 20 位國王,大多政績平平,特別是在以色列王國滅亡後,猶太王國不得不獨自面對先後出現的諸多強權,如亞述、新巴比倫,以及埃及等。 不過,猶太王國具有一項優勢,因為其內部只有兩個大的支系,爭端較少,矛盾不像北方王國那樣突出,因此內部政局相對穩定。 另外由於其首都仍在\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Jerusalem\" lon=\"35.2341\" lat=\"31.7736\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">耶路撒冷\u003C/span>,和原先的以色列聯合王國相同,亦承繼了大衛王家族,因此被視為正統。\n\n猶太王國與北部的以色列王國既有衝突也有合作。 在分裂初期,猶太王國曾試圖再次實現統一,所以多次發動對北部的戰爭,結果並不成功。 後來隨著共同敵人的出現,雙方關系也不時出現緩和,有時還會結盟。\n\n### 埃及對猶太王國的侵略\n\n猶太王國所處的國際環境並不算好,東面有亞述王國和巴比倫王國。 但對於存在初期的猶太王國來說,南方的傳統強國埃及才是最為緊迫的威脅,因為恢復了國力的埃及必然會向亞洲擴張,這個進程中,首當其衝的便是緊鄰\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Sinai Peninsula\" lon=\"33.8333\" lat=\"29.5\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">西奈半島\u003C/span>的猶太王國。\n\n公元前925年,在王國第一位國王羅波安(Rehoboam,公元前930-前913年)繼位後不久,由\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Libya\" lon=\"17.2692\" lat=\"26.3347\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"3\">利比亞\u003C/span>人建立的埃及第二十二王朝(約公元前945年-前715年)便在首位法老舍順克一世(Sheshonq I,公元前945年-前924年)的帶領下入侵了猶太王國。 埃及第二十二王朝(利比亞王朝)軍隊不僅劫掠了耶路撒冷,還搶奪了王宮和聖殿。 這次入侵在《聖經》和埃及的神廟碑文中都有記載,只是在《聖經》中稱其為示撒一世。 北方以色列王國的建立也受到這位法老的大力協助,據稱法老不僅打擊了組成南方猶太王國的兩支部族勢力,還「幫助」耶羅波安(Jeroboam I,公元前930年-前909年)清洗了北方十支部族中的反對者,從而讓親埃及的耶羅波安能夠坐穩王位。 從埃及角度考量,法老成功分裂了以色列聯合王國,將南方的猶太王國變成自己的附庸國,而北方的以色列也被控制在自己的影響範圍之內。\n\n此後,猶大王國便在埃及與亞述的夾縫中艱難求生。\n\n## 參考資料\n\n\n\n《犹太人三千年简史》；[美]雷蒙德•P.谢德林；张鋆良[译]；浙江人民出版社 2020-06\n\n《犹太人千年史》； 张倩红 / 张少华；北京大学出版社 2016-08\n\n《世界史的故事》苏珊·怀斯·鲍尔；徐彬[译]；中信出版社 2023-04\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)\" target=\"_blank\">Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)\" target=\"_blank\">Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah\" target=\"_blank\">Kingdom of Judah\u003C/a>\n\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n\n","所羅門王晚年失政,其子羅波安即位後以色列聯合王國正式分裂為北以色列與南猶大,兩國長期內耗,先後淪為亞述、巴比倫的附庸。","以色列聯合王國為何分裂? 一分為二後,北國先亡、南國苦撐 100 多年","統一百年便分裂:北國有 10 支派卻內亂不斷,南國狹小卻政局穩定,最終都成了大國的魚肉。","zh-tw",0.7,[24,32,40,48,56,64,72,80,88,96,104,112,120,128,136,144],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":30,"description":31},"5d0664e200c94458bc0ef71b900b1da9","大衛王與以色列聯合王國","kingdom-of-israel-united-monarchy","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283311112_720_000191_1718769117841.jpg","2026-02-28T15:00:22","2026-03-12T12:58:52","以色列聯合王國如何誕生? 士師時代、掃羅王、大衛王統一以色列、定都耶路撒冷、擊敗腓力斯丁人與但丘石碑考古證據。",{"id":33,"name":34,"keywords":4,"slug":35,"author":7,"ogImage":36,"isBlog":4,"createDate":37,"updateDate":38,"description":39},"a3c3154dca6d4537b4c7008eb9f6bb97","埃及第二十二王朝","twenty-second-dynasty-of-egypt","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773021382242_Egypte_louvre_066.jpg","2026-03-04T23:12:34","2026-03-04T23:12:52","埃及第二十二王朝又稱利比亞王朝,由舍順克一世建立,曾遠征巴勒斯坦、洗劫耶路撒冷聖殿,是第三中間期埃及少有的中興時代,後因內部分裂走向衰落。",{"id":41,"name":42,"keywords":4,"slug":43,"author":7,"ogImage":44,"isBlog":4,"createDate":45,"updateDate":46,"description":47},"25ba976e4a84473b9de6275248fa4e61","亞述滅亡以色列王國","assyrian-conquest-of-kingdom-of-israel","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290212077_720_000199_1719298485539.jpg","2026-03-06T22:15:17","2026-03-06T22:15:33","以色列王國因內亂衰敗,末代王何細亞聯埃反亞述被識破,薩爾貢二世攻破撒瑪利亞,流放 2.7 萬以色列人,造就 「遺失的十個部落」 之謎。",{"id":49,"name":50,"keywords":4,"slug":51,"author":7,"ogImage":52,"isBlog":4,"createDate":53,"updateDate":54,"description":55},"50c3514dd17343309a6f3e7ec015b820","所羅門王","king-solomon","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283390056_720_1765163450382_solomon.jpg","2026-03-06T13:44:49","2026-03-06T13:45:15","所羅門王以智慧著稱,建第一聖殿、強軍富國、外交結盟,開創以色列聯合王國黃金時代,留下深遠文化與宗教遺產。",{"id":57,"name":58,"keywords":4,"slug":59,"author":7,"ogImage":60,"isBlog":4,"createDate":61,"updateDate":62,"description":63},"c9dbb6af51b6494cb61c8f896656fab6","出埃及與《摩西十誡》","exodus-and-ten-commandments","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770282846316_720_1764995553556_Exodus_map.jpg","2026-03-06T10:15:27","2026-03-06T10:15:55","從《出埃及記》傳說、摩西帶領以色列人逃離埃及,到《摩西十誡》的頒布,一文看懂以色列民族起源與早期信仰形成。",{"id":65,"name":66,"keywords":4,"slug":67,"author":7,"ogImage":68,"isBlog":4,"createDate":69,"updateDate":70,"description":71},"7bc8290623cc41268e1d6d645eebf482","西拿基立圍困耶路撒冷","assyrian-siege-of-jerusalem","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290333513_720_1763652332431_Peter_Paul_Rubens_082.jpg","2026-03-06T22:25:08","2026-03-06T22:25:23","西拿基立橫掃猶太 46 城,攻陷拉吉什並圍困耶路撒冷,希西家重金求和,亞述軍因瘟疫撤圍,猶太王國得以倖存。",{"id":73,"name":74,"keywords":4,"slug":75,"author":7,"ogImage":76,"isBlog":4,"createDate":77,"updateDate":78,"description":79},"67bdd9ec9ed94af1a05060ee9b536525","繩紋文化","jomon-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779869915894_jomon-culture.jpg","2026-05-27T22:08:23","2026-05-27T22:09:00","繩紋文化(Jōmon Culture)是日本列島持續時間最長的史前文化,以繩紋陶器、火焰紋陶器與神秘土偶聞名。 本文系統介紹繩紋文化的年代、社會結構、藝術傳統、繩紋人的起源及其與現代日本人的關係。",{"id":81,"name":82,"keywords":4,"slug":83,"author":7,"ogImage":84,"isBlog":4,"createDate":85,"updateDate":86,"description":87},"e85f3773b7624b34ba0a950c83050f14","末次冰盛期","last-glacial-maximum","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779866970213_last-glacial-maximum3.jpg","2026-05-27T16:11:50","2026-05-27T16:12:42","深度解析距今約2.6萬年前的末次冰盛期(LGM)。 本文將結合米蘭科維奇循環模型,帶您直觀了解海平面下降130米、陸橋裸露後的全球地理巨變,以及極寒環境如何將舊石器晚期智人鍛造為全球擴散的頂級適應者。",{"id":89,"name":90,"keywords":4,"slug":91,"author":7,"ogImage":92,"isBlog":4,"createDate":93,"updateDate":94,"description":95},"3430c1759ae64ef28ee275be703e3ff7","馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化","malta-buret-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276830881_720_1761535507344_Princess_of_Xiaohe2.jpg","2026-02-27T20:06:48","2026-03-12T12:59:20","什麼是馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化? 古代歐亞北部人(ANE)是誰? 本文講解這支 2.4 萬年前的西伯利亞文化、基因貢獻及與小河公主的關係。",{"id":97,"name":98,"keywords":4,"slug":99,"author":7,"ogImage":100,"isBlog":4,"createDate":101,"updateDate":102,"description":103},"ac264b8d3e66438da6607447071ee4c2","北京直立人","homo-erectus-pekinensis","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779777251042_peking-man5.jpg","2026-05-26T15:40:38","2026-05-26T15:40:58","北京直立人(Homo erectus pekinensis)是中國最重要的古人類化石之一。 本文系統介紹北京人的發現歷史、石器工具、生活方式、用火問題,以及其在人類演化和現代東亞人起源爭議中的地位。",{"id":105,"name":106,"keywords":4,"slug":107,"author":7,"ogImage":108,"isBlog":4,"createDate":109,"updateDate":110,"description":111},"0ecc0752e901485383ef2f8f6dd974cd","克洛維斯文化","clovis-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779775149260_clovis-culture-background.jpg","2026-05-26T17:10:54","2026-05-26T17:11:52","深度解析北美舊石器時代晚期的克洛維斯文化。 探索精美絕倫的燕尾槽石矛工藝,反思「克洛維斯第一」假說的顛覆,並揭秘新仙女木期氣候驟變與人類圍獵如何共同終結了北美猛獁象與乳齒象的巨獸時代。",{"id":113,"name":114,"keywords":4,"slug":115,"author":7,"ogImage":116,"isBlog":4,"createDate":117,"updateDate":118,"description":119},"683d1a08052e40edb630405652eb52bf","人類進入美洲大陸","humans-entered-the-new-world","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276871277_720_1761549850669_fossilized-footprints32.jpg","2026-02-27T21:18:30","2026-03-04T22:23:21","人類何時進入美洲? 白令陸橋如何形成? 白沙腳印、蒙特韋德、克洛維斯文化分別證明了什麼? 本文系統梳理人類拓殖美洲的完整歷史。",{"id":121,"name":122,"keywords":4,"slug":123,"author":7,"ogImage":124,"isBlog":4,"createDate":125,"updateDate":126,"description":127},"3e4128c6ce5045ea9a7832a51bc328a2","莫斯特文化","mousterian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779776644371_mousterian52.jpg","2026-05-26T16:50:31","2026-05-26T16:51:43","莫斯特文化(Mousterian)是舊石器時代中期最重要的石器工業之一,與尼安德特人密切相關。 本文系統介紹莫斯特文化的起源、勒瓦婁哇技術、工具特點、主要遺址,以及其在人類演化史中的重要地位。",{"id":129,"name":130,"keywords":4,"slug":131,"author":7,"ogImage":132,"isBlog":4,"createDate":133,"updateDate":134,"description":135},"fae2bb675a97427e97f33bd0085faa79","最早的車輪和犁","invention-of-wheels-and-plough","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277127559_720_1762914174723_1599px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg","2026-02-28T15:01:18","2026-03-04T22:26:58","車輪和犁最早在哪裡發明? 蘇美爾人如何從製陶輪走向車輪與犁耕? 本文講透人類兩大關鍵技術的起源與影響。\n",{"id":137,"name":138,"keywords":4,"slug":139,"author":7,"ogImage":140,"isBlog":4,"createDate":141,"updateDate":142,"description":143},"26b859c8750d4187a9b2bc105417dc69","阿舍利文化","acheulean-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779440045036_acheulean52.jpg","2026-05-22T21:28:33","2026-05-22T21:28:51","阿舍利文化(Acheulean)是史前人類技術文明的重大飛躍。 本文全面解密距今170萬至20萬年前的「模式-2」石器工業,帶你探索兼具兩面打製與對稱美學的「遠古瑞士軍刀」手斧,以及直立人跨越非歐亞大陸的生存智慧。",{"id":145,"name":146,"keywords":4,"slug":147,"author":7,"ogImage":148,"isBlog":4,"createDate":149,"updateDate":150,"description":151},"66819a421b1640618f188698d57077b2","奧杜威文化","oldowan-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779440030720_oldowan-culture-background2.jpg","2026-05-22T21:03:39","2026-05-22T21:06:21","奧杜威文化(Oldowan)是人類歷史上首個有意識、標準化的工具製作模式。 本文全面解析距今260萬至170萬年前的「模式-1」石器工業,帶你探訪東非奧杜威峽谷、格魯吉亞德馬尼西及中國西侯度等見證人類技術黎明的史前遺址。",1779891380193]