[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":152},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-decline-and-fall-of-ancient-egyptian-civilization-zh-tw":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"古埃及文明的消亡","decline-and-fall-of-ancient-egyptian-civilization","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290955170_720_000212_1756715712173_Sais-of-Egypt2.jpg","article","2026-02-05T19:29:43","2025-12-16T20:09:10",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"古埃及文明消亡","古埃及文明的消亡:波斯征服與第二十六王朝覆滅","古埃及文明的消亡|波斯滅亡第二十六王朝、岡比西斯二世、普薩美提克三世與法老時代終結","古埃及,古埃及本土文明的消亡","## 波斯第一帝國滅亡埃及第26王朝\n\n公元前 526 年,阿瑪西斯,古埃及最後一位具有權勢的本土法老離世。 這位法老應該也算幸運,因為在他死後僅僅幾個月,波斯居魯士大帝之子岡比西斯二世(Cambyses II,公元前 530-522 年)便大舉入侵埃及。 波斯王在\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Pelusium City\" lon=\"32.5451\" lat=\"31.0416\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">貝魯西亞\u003C/span>(Pelusium)戰役中決定性地擊敗了剛剛登上王位的阿瑪西斯之子、末代法老普薩美提克三世(Psamtik III,公元前 526 年-前 525 年)的軍隊。 據稱,埃及軍隊完全無法阻擋波斯人的進攻,有 5 萬人被殺,而波斯僅僅傷亡幾千人,堪稱潰敗;由腓尼基人和希臘人組成的埃及海軍也臨陣變節,投降了波斯。\n\n隨後,波斯軍隊包圍了\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Memphis Egypt\" lon=\"31.2614\" lat=\"29.8511\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">孟菲斯\u003C/span>。 據稱,岡比西斯二世曾派出使團勸降,但埃及人殘忍地處決了由兩百多人組成的使團,此舉令波斯王震怒(需要注意,這些歷史事件的細節不一定準確,比如勸降又不是提親,何必派出這麼多人?)。 公元前 525 年,波斯人攻陷了\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Memphis Egypt\" lon=\"31.2614\" lat=\"29.8511\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">孟菲斯\u003C/span>,隨後將屠刀伸向城中被俘的埃及貴族,包括法老之子在內的兩千多人被殺,法老普薩美提克三世本人最後也被處死。 第二十六王朝終結。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.33/1765974781772_cambyses-ii-of-persia-defeats-psamtik-iii-of-egypt2.jpg\" alt=\"cambyses-ii-of-persia-defeats-psamtik-iii-of-egypt\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://egypt-museum.com/cambyses-ii-of-persia-defeats-psamtik-iii-of-egypt/\" target=\"_blank\">Egypt Museum\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">阿契美尼德時期的一個青金石滾筒印章,疑似法老普薩美提克三世向岡比西斯二世乞求的場景,也標誌著埃及第二十七王朝(約公元前 525-404 年)的開始。 其實,這時的埃及可能算不上「王朝」,至少它並不獨立,而只是阿契美尼德帝國的一個行省而已,因此也被稱為「第一次阿契美尼德時期」。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.34/1766209391253_Meeting_Between_Cambyses_II_and_Psammetichus_III.jpg\" alt=\"冈比西斯二世与普萨美提克三世\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psamtik_III\" target=\"_blank\">Psamtik III\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">岡比西斯二世與普薩美提克三世的會面。 背景是矗立了兩千多年、象徵法老無上權威的巨大金字塔。 可此時,末代法老已經成了階下囚,其子與兩千顯貴遭處決,繼位僅6個月的法老本人則被擄往\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Susa City\" lon=\"48.2436\" lat=\"32.1942\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">蘇薩城\u003C/span>。 據希羅多德記載,普薩美提克三世後來因策劃反波斯暴動,被強飲牛血(一說含雄黃)而死。 屬於古埃及本土的法老時代,至此終結。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000212/000212_1756715712173_Sais-of-Egypt2.jpg\" alt=\"Sais 遗址\" width=\"100%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sais,_Egypt\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Sais City\" lon=\"30.7687\" lat=\"30.9649\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">塞易斯城\u003C/span>遺址。 由普魯士國王腓特烈·威廉四世時期派出的科考隊繪製(1842-1845)。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n## 古埃及文明的消亡\n\n此後,埃及本地人的勢力再也沒能光復整個埃及。 波斯人占領埃及後的千年中,這片富饒的土地又先後被馬其頓人、希臘人、羅馬人,以及阿拉伯人等外族所占領和統治。 這些外來者具有不同風俗、語言,或文化背景,古埃及文明影響了這些外來者,也接受了其他文明的洗禮,融合後的文明也不斷地塑造著生活在這裡的每個人類個體。 其實,作為一個極度抽象的概念,「文明」是不可能真正終結的;不過,在史學家眼中看來,延續了至少 2500 年的古埃及時代,這時便可以劃上句號了。\n\n作為「第三中間期」結束後的第一個王朝,二十六王朝時期的埃及推行對外貿易,與亞洲特別是\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Levant\" lon=\"37.9785\" lat=\"34.0757\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">黎凡特地區\u003C/span>建立了廣泛的商業聯繫,大量來自希臘的僱傭兵和商人湧入埃及。 埃及還重建了許多毀於動盪的神廟和建築,第一次組建了裝備三層槳戰船的艦隊,甚至嘗試過開通連接\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"The Nile\" lon=\"31.1167\" lat=\"30.9\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">尼羅河\u003C/span>東支和\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Red Sea\" lon=\"38\" lat=\"22\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">紅海\u003C/span>的運河。\n\n儘管取得了一定成就,但最終,第二十六王朝還是被波斯阿契美尼德帝國所終結。 這也是史學家眼裡,古埃及時代的最後一個本土王朝的結束。 此後,屬於埃及本土的勢力雖然也建立過第二十八至三十王朝,但它們都不是全國性的政權。 二十六王朝後,古埃及人徹底喪失了獨立地位,古老的文明也走向終結。 以後,\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"The Nile\" lon=\"31.1167\" lat=\"30.9\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">尼羅河\u003C/span>岸邊的人們會漸漸忘記金字塔的故事,忘記曾經不可一世的法老們,沒人能讀懂鐫刻在石頭上的奇怪文字,也不知道是誰建造了那些能存續到世界末日的遠古奇觀......\n\n## 參考資料\n\n\n\n《埃及史》王泰 郭子林；商务印书馆 2022-06\n\n《古埃及兴亡史（全三册）》美国国家地理学会编著；董馨阳 杨依 李青芝[译]；现代出版社 2022-01\n\n《埃及7000年》； [埃及] 杰森 · 汤普森；刘梦迪[译]； 浙江人民出版社 2024-01\n\n《世界史的故事》苏珊·怀斯·鲍尔；徐彬[译]；中信出版社 2023-04\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt\" target=\"_blank\">Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt\" target=\"_blank\">Ancient Egypt\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---","公元前 525 年,波斯帝國岡比西斯二世征服埃及,滅亡第二十六王朝,古埃及最後一個本土法老時代落幕,延續兩千五百多年的古埃及文明走向消亡。","古埃及文明的消亡:波斯征服與古埃及本土王朝的終結","波斯帝國入侵埃及,末代法老普薩美提克三世兵敗被俘,第二十六王朝滅亡,古埃及獨立法老時代徹底結束,文明步入消亡與被外族統治的歷史階段。","zh-tw",0.7,[24,32,40,48,56,64,72,80,88,96,104,112,120,128,136,144],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":30,"description":31},"71065a7af9ed4f13a70b5750c6b837c2","古埃及短暫的復興","short-lived-revival-of-26th-dynasty","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290797502_720_1765974591856_head-of-Amasis2.jpg","2026-03-05T00:26:04","2026-03-05T00:26:29","Meta Description第二十六王朝時期,埃及迎來短暫復興:尼科二世遠征西亞、開鑿運河;普薩美提克二世擊敗努比亞;阿瑪西斯開創繁榮時代,成為古埃及本土文明最後的輝煌。",{"id":33,"name":34,"keywords":4,"slug":35,"author":7,"ogImage":36,"isBlog":4,"createDate":37,"updateDate":38,"description":39},"4ebabf6b986940a5b3ac2f826f15d500","埃及第二十王朝","twentieth-dynasty-of-egypt","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770282996958_720_1765014094266_Great_Harris_Papyrus,_Sheet_2.jpg","2026-03-04T16:56:37","2026-03-04T16:56:53","埃及第二十王朝的奠基人為拉美西斯三世,他是最後一位能抵禦外敵的偉大法老,曾在「三角洲之戰」中擊退海上民族,但只是暫緩了埃及新王國的衰落。 第二十王朝見證了埃及帝國的餘暉,是法老時代衰退的起點。",{"id":41,"name":42,"keywords":4,"slug":43,"author":7,"ogImage":44,"isBlog":4,"createDate":45,"updateDate":46,"description":47},"8ff9cf31a03740ee8f3f9c0a12b3fc6e","埃及第二中間期","second-intermediate-period-of-egypt","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278166245_720_1764136702913_Black_Pyramid_of_Amenemhat_III.jpg","2026-03-03T21:57:17","2026-03-04T16:50:05","第二中間期是古埃及中王國與新王國之間的大分裂時期,中央瓦解、地方割據、民變四起,希克索斯人趁機入主埃及,開啟黑暗時代。\n",{"id":49,"name":50,"keywords":4,"slug":51,"author":7,"ogImage":52,"isBlog":4,"createDate":53,"updateDate":54,"description":55},"fbb3fcbd961d4efc8f603a04f5711178","埃及第二王朝","second-dynasty-of-egypt","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277265926_720_1763901312522_base-of-the-statue-of-khasekhemwy.jpg","2026-03-03T00:14:24","2026-03-03T00:14:52","埃及第二王朝(前 2890 - 前 2686)是連接早王朝與古王國的關鍵時期。 本文介紹霍特普塞海姆威、泊西布森、哈塞海姆威、王權鬥爭、青銅出現與人殉廢止。",{"id":57,"name":58,"keywords":4,"slug":59,"author":7,"ogImage":60,"isBlog":4,"createDate":61,"updateDate":62,"description":63},"6014dd3e98e746b791433301fbd007f9","古埃及文明的起源","origin-of-ancient-egyptian-civilization","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277095560_720_000156_1710134660075.jpg","2026-02-28T11:14:54","2026-03-04T16:44:32","古埃及文明何時誕生? 上下埃及如何統一? 蠍子王與那爾邁是誰? 本文介紹了埃及文明從史前到早王朝的起源歷程。",{"id":65,"name":66,"keywords":4,"slug":67,"author":7,"ogImage":68,"isBlog":4,"createDate":69,"updateDate":70,"description":71},"67bdd9ec9ed94af1a05060ee9b536525","繩紋文化","jomon-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779869915894_jomon-culture.jpg","2026-05-27T22:08:23","2026-05-27T22:09:00","繩紋文化(Jōmon Culture)是日本列島持續時間最長的史前文化,以繩紋陶器、火焰紋陶器與神秘土偶聞名。 本文系統介紹繩紋文化的年代、社會結構、藝術傳統、繩紋人的起源及其與現代日本人的關係。",{"id":73,"name":74,"keywords":4,"slug":75,"author":7,"ogImage":76,"isBlog":4,"createDate":77,"updateDate":78,"description":79},"e85f3773b7624b34ba0a950c83050f14","末次冰盛期","last-glacial-maximum","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779866970213_last-glacial-maximum3.jpg","2026-05-27T16:11:50","2026-05-27T16:12:42","深度解析距今約2.6萬年前的末次冰盛期(LGM)。 本文將結合米蘭科維奇循環模型,帶您直觀了解海平面下降130米、陸橋裸露後的全球地理巨變,以及極寒環境如何將舊石器晚期智人鍛造為全球擴散的頂級適應者。",{"id":81,"name":82,"keywords":4,"slug":83,"author":7,"ogImage":84,"isBlog":4,"createDate":85,"updateDate":86,"description":87},"3430c1759ae64ef28ee275be703e3ff7","馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化","malta-buret-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276830881_720_1761535507344_Princess_of_Xiaohe2.jpg","2026-02-27T20:06:48","2026-03-12T12:59:20","什麼是馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化? 古代歐亞北部人(ANE)是誰? 本文講解這支 2.4 萬年前的西伯利亞文化、基因貢獻及與小河公主的關係。",{"id":89,"name":90,"keywords":4,"slug":91,"author":7,"ogImage":92,"isBlog":4,"createDate":93,"updateDate":94,"description":95},"ac264b8d3e66438da6607447071ee4c2","北京直立人","homo-erectus-pekinensis","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779777251042_peking-man5.jpg","2026-05-26T15:40:38","2026-05-26T15:40:58","北京直立人(Homo erectus pekinensis)是中國最重要的古人類化石之一。 本文系統介紹北京人的發現歷史、石器工具、生活方式、用火問題,以及其在人類演化和現代東亞人起源爭議中的地位。",{"id":97,"name":98,"keywords":4,"slug":99,"author":7,"ogImage":100,"isBlog":4,"createDate":101,"updateDate":102,"description":103},"0ecc0752e901485383ef2f8f6dd974cd","克洛維斯文化","clovis-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779775149260_clovis-culture-background.jpg","2026-05-26T17:10:54","2026-05-26T17:11:52","深度解析北美舊石器時代晚期的克洛維斯文化。 探索精美絕倫的燕尾槽石矛工藝,反思「克洛維斯第一」假說的顛覆,並揭秘新仙女木期氣候驟變與人類圍獵如何共同終結了北美猛獁象與乳齒象的巨獸時代。",{"id":105,"name":106,"keywords":4,"slug":107,"author":7,"ogImage":108,"isBlog":4,"createDate":109,"updateDate":110,"description":111},"683d1a08052e40edb630405652eb52bf","人類進入美洲大陸","humans-entered-the-new-world","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276871277_720_1761549850669_fossilized-footprints32.jpg","2026-02-27T21:18:30","2026-03-04T22:23:21","人類何時進入美洲? 白令陸橋如何形成? 白沙腳印、蒙特韋德、克洛維斯文化分別證明了什麼? 本文系統梳理人類拓殖美洲的完整歷史。",{"id":113,"name":114,"keywords":4,"slug":115,"author":7,"ogImage":116,"isBlog":4,"createDate":117,"updateDate":118,"description":119},"3e4128c6ce5045ea9a7832a51bc328a2","莫斯特文化","mousterian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779776644371_mousterian52.jpg","2026-05-26T16:50:31","2026-05-26T16:51:43","莫斯特文化(Mousterian)是舊石器時代中期最重要的石器工業之一,與尼安德特人密切相關。 本文系統介紹莫斯特文化的起源、勒瓦婁哇技術、工具特點、主要遺址,以及其在人類演化史中的重要地位。",{"id":121,"name":122,"keywords":4,"slug":123,"author":7,"ogImage":124,"isBlog":4,"createDate":125,"updateDate":126,"description":127},"fae2bb675a97427e97f33bd0085faa79","最早的車輪和犁","invention-of-wheels-and-plough","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277127559_720_1762914174723_1599px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg","2026-02-28T15:01:18","2026-03-04T22:26:58","車輪和犁最早在哪裡發明? 蘇美爾人如何從製陶輪走向車輪與犁耕? 本文講透人類兩大關鍵技術的起源與影響。\n",{"id":129,"name":130,"keywords":4,"slug":131,"author":7,"ogImage":132,"isBlog":4,"createDate":133,"updateDate":134,"description":135},"26b859c8750d4187a9b2bc105417dc69","阿舍利文化","acheulean-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779440045036_acheulean52.jpg","2026-05-22T21:28:33","2026-05-22T21:28:51","阿舍利文化(Acheulean)是史前人類技術文明的重大飛躍。 本文全面解密距今170萬至20萬年前的「模式-2」石器工業,帶你探索兼具兩面打製與對稱美學的「遠古瑞士軍刀」手斧,以及直立人跨越非歐亞大陸的生存智慧。",{"id":137,"name":138,"keywords":4,"slug":139,"author":7,"ogImage":140,"isBlog":4,"createDate":141,"updateDate":142,"description":143},"66819a421b1640618f188698d57077b2","奧杜威文化","oldowan-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779440030720_oldowan-culture-background2.jpg","2026-05-22T21:03:39","2026-05-22T21:06:21","奧杜威文化(Oldowan)是人類歷史上首個有意識、標準化的工具製作模式。 本文全面解析距今260萬至170萬年前的「模式-1」石器工業,帶你探訪東非奧杜威峽谷、格魯吉亞德馬尼西及中國西侯度等見證人類技術黎明的史前遺址。",{"id":145,"name":146,"keywords":4,"slug":147,"author":7,"ogImage":148,"isBlog":4,"createDate":149,"updateDate":150,"description":151},"397fdaa317044fa992bff0a464b61917","","hamburgian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779436529399_hamburgian.jpg","2026-05-22T15:36:23","2026-05-22T15:39:18","本文帶你走進舊石器時代晚期的漢堡文化(Hamburgian)。 探索這群活躍於1.5萬年前北歐平原的冰緣狩獵採集者,如何靠精湛的肩狀石尖器與捕獵馴鹿在寒冷冰期末期生存與演化。",1779891381069]