[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":152},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-code-of-ur-nammu-zh-tw":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"最早的成文法《乌尔纳姆法典》","code-of-ur-nammu","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277848286_720_1764938620405_code.jpg","article","2026-02-05T15:50:55","2024-03-11T19:31:19",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"《烏爾納姆法典》","最早的成文法《烏爾納姆法典》:蘇美爾法治的開端","《烏爾納姆法典》|世界最早成文法、烏爾第三王朝、漢謨拉比法典源頭","烏爾納姆法典,烏爾第三王朝,蘇美爾文明,烏爾","## 《烏爾納姆法典》\n\n建立並鞏固烏爾第三王朝,是烏爾納姆(Ur-Nammu,約公元前2112年-公元前2095年)最偉大的功績,但他影響最深遠的事蹟則是頒布了世界上已知(2023)最古老的法律,即《烏爾納姆法典》(Law Code of King Ur-Nammu)。 不過最新的證據表明,這部法典也有可能是烏爾納姆之子舒爾吉(Shulgi,約公元前2095年-前2046年)在位時期頒布的。 但無論如何,這些國王本身並非法典的直接編纂者。\n\n這部法典讓我們得以一窺烏爾第三王朝時期的社會結構。 在盧伽爾(Lugal,意為 「偉人」 或國王)之下,所有社會成員分屬兩個基本階層:其一為盧(lu,即自由民),其二為奴隸。 其中,男性奴隸被稱為阿拉德(arad),女性被稱為格麥(geme)。 自由民之子在成婚之前被稱為杜木-尼塔(dumu-nita),成婚後方可獲得 「古魯什」(gurus,意為青年)的身份。 女性則被稱為穆努什(munus),身份則會經歷從 「女兒」杜木-米(dumu-mi)到 「妻子」達姆(dam)的轉變;若她比丈夫長壽,便會成為努-瑪-蘇(nu-ma-su,即寡婦),且可再婚。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.30/1764938235808_Detail_of_the_Sumerian_statue_of_Lugaldalu.jpg\" alt=\"Lugal\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugal\" target=\"_blank\">Lugal\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">蘇美爾楔形文字的「lugal」(盧伽爾)符號,含義為「偉大的人」。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n儘管這部法典的大部分已經遺失,保留下來的條款只有37條,不過這些條款還是非常有意義的,對了解烏爾第三王朝時期的社會和現實等,具有重大參考意義。 法典內容豐富,包括了巫術、已婚婦女的通姦、誣告,以及奴隸逃跑等案件的處理,其中對一些原先遵循的「以牙還牙」方式進行了改進,即可以用罰金代替刑責,這被認為是法制發展中的一個進步。 《烏爾納姆法典》的意義在於,它開創了用法律治理國家的先河,比如後來極其著名的《漢謨拉比法典》就借鑑了大量《烏爾納姆法典》的內容。 在以後的各個朝代中,「法治」成為兩河流域文明的顯著特徵之一。 當然,它和現代法治區別很大,不能混淆。\n\n## 法典條文\n\n1. 若有人犯下謀殺罪,其當處死刑。\n2. 若有人實施搶劫,其當處死刑。\n3. 若有人犯下誘拐罪,其需入獄服刑,並繳納 15 舍克勒白銀。\n4. 若一奴隸與另一奴隸成婚,而後其中一方獲釋,其不得脫離原主人的家戶。\n5. 若奴隸與自由民通婚,其需將頭生子交予奴隸主。\n6. 若有人侵犯他人權利,姦污青年男子的處女之妻,當將該男子處死。\n7. 若有婦背棄其夫,與他人通姦,當處死該婦人,而通姦男子可獲釋放。 [部分譯本列為第 4 條]\n8. 若有人施暴,姦污他人的處女女奴,其需繳納 5 舍克勒白銀。 (第 5 條)\n9. 若男子休棄原配妻子,其需向女方支付 1 彌納白銀。 (第 6 條)\n10. 若休棄的是寡婦,其需支付半彌納白銀。 (第 7 條)\n11. 若男子未立婚約便與寡婦同居,分手後無需支付任何白銀。 (第 8 條)\n12. 若有人被控行巫術 [譯文存爭議],其需接受水神判;若經神判證明清白,誣告者需賠付 3 舍克勒白銀。 (第 10 條)\n13. 若有人誣告他人之妻通姦,而該婦人經水神判證其清白,誣告者需賠付 1/3 彌納白銀。 (第 11 條)\n14. 若準女婿已入岳父家,然岳父其後卻將女兒另嫁他人,岳父需向被悔婚的準女婿雙倍返還其所送的聘禮。 (第 12 條)\n15. 若 [原文殘缺],其需稱量並交付 2 舍克勒白銀予對方。\n16. 若奴隸逃離城邦邊界,有人將其送還,奴隸主需向送還者支付 2 舍克勒白銀。 (第 14 條)\n17. 若有人擊瞎他人之眼,其需賠付半彌納白銀。 (第 15 條)\n18. 若有人斬斷他人之足,其需賠付 10 舍克勒白銀。 (第 16 條)\n19. 若有人在鬥毆中持棍擊碎他人肢體,其需賠付 1 彌納白銀。 (第 17 條)\n20. 若有人持銅刀割掉他人之鼻,其需賠付 2/3 彌納白銀。 (第 18 條)\n21. 若有人打掉他人之齒,其需賠付 2 舍克勒白銀。 (第 19 條)\n22. [原文殘缺] 若其無奴隸可賠付,需繳納 10 舍克勒白銀;若其無白銀,需以自有財物抵償。 (第 21 條)\n23. 若男主人的女奴自比主母,對主母出言不遜,需以 1 夸脫鹽擦洗其嘴。 (第 22 條)\n24. 若女奴毆打奉主母之命行事之人,[原文殘缺]\n25. 若有人出庭作證,後被查實作偽證,其需賠付 15 舍克勒白銀。 (第 25 條)\n26. 若有人出庭作證,卻撤回所立誓言,其需按涉案標的額進行賠付。 (第 26 條)\n27. 若有人擅自耕種他人田地,即便其提起申訴,亦不予受理,且該人需自行承擔耕種開銷的損失。 (第 27 條)\n28. 若有人引水淹沒他人田地,其需按每伊庫田地賠付 3 庫爾大麥。 (第 28 條)\n29. 若有人將可耕地租予他人耕種,然承租人未加耕作致田地荒蕪,承租人需按每伊庫田地賠付 3 庫爾大麥。 (第 29 條)\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.28/1764043608466_Ur_Nammu_code_Istanbul.jpg\" alt=\"《乌尔纳姆法典》泥板\" width=\"60%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Ur-Nammu\" target=\"_blank\">Code of Ur-Nammu\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">《烏爾納姆法典》(Law Code of King Ur-Nammu)被認為是現存已知(2023)最古老的法典。 在\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">美索不達米亞\u003C/span>的幾個考古遺址中,出土了許多有關該法典的石碑。 上圖這塊石碑是在\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">美索不達米亞\u003C/span>南部尼普爾(Nippur)出土,現存於\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Turkey\" lon=\"35.2407\" lat=\"38.9573\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">土耳其\u003C/span>\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Istanbul\" lon=\"28.9804\" lat=\"41.0075\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">伊斯坦布爾\u003C/span>博物館。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n## 參考資料\n\n\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Ur-Nammu\" target=\"_blank\">Code of Ur-Nammu\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n","《烏爾納姆法典》是世界已知最早成文法,頒布於烏爾第三王朝,開創法治先河,改進 「以牙還牙」 原則,深刻影響後世法典(含漢謨拉比法典)。","世界最早成文法:《烏爾納姆法典》的歷史意義","《烏爾納姆法典》僅存 37 條條款,記錄烏爾第三王朝社會結構與刑罰規範,以罰金替代部分肉刑,奠定兩河流域法治傳統。","zh-tw",0.7,[24,32,40,48,56,64,72,80,88,96,104,112,120,128,136,144],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":30,"description":31},"06dcc5860f934b3cbbb6fa958408534f","蘇美爾文明消亡","downfall-of-third-dynasty-of-ur","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277929161_720_1764047121010_Cylinder_seal_of_Shulgi.jpg","2026-03-05T14:13:34","2026-03-05T14:14:03","烏爾第三王朝於公元前 2004 年被埃蘭人滅亡,蘇美爾文明從此徹底消亡,語言、政治實體不復存在,成為人類最早文明的悲壯終章。",{"id":33,"name":34,"keywords":4,"slug":35,"author":7,"ogImage":36,"isBlog":4,"createDate":37,"updateDate":38,"description":39},"2d7652a378004028bd878952332ba58d","阿摩利人的諸多王國","rise-of-amorites","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277999705_720_1764052116575_Cuneiform_Clay_Tablets_from_Amorite_Kingdom_of_Mari,_1st_Half_of_2nd_Mill._BC.jpg","2026-03-05T14:30:17","2026-03-05T14:30:37","烏爾第三王朝滅亡後,阿摩利人在兩河流域建立眾多王國,形成伊辛、拉爾薩、古巴比倫、亞述等勢力,開啟閃米特主導的新時代。",{"id":41,"name":42,"keywords":4,"slug":43,"author":7,"ogImage":44,"isBlog":4,"createDate":45,"updateDate":46,"description":47},"213ea5a691fc41e1ad791a7e019b462c","烏爾第三王朝","third-dynasty-of-ur","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277824740_720_1764042533754_Sumerian_Cylinder_Seal_of_King_Ur-Nammu.jpg","2026-03-05T13:45:50","2026-03-05T13:46:07","烏爾第三王朝是蘇美爾文明最後的黃金時代,由烏爾納姆建立,統一兩河流域,復興文化與信仰,頒布已知最早成文法典,最終被埃蘭所滅。",{"id":49,"name":50,"keywords":4,"slug":51,"author":7,"ogImage":52,"isBlog":4,"createDate":53,"updateDate":54,"description":55},"2120dbc2b71e48f297d93857834b9419","烏爾王陵與「烏爾軍旗」","royal-cemetery-standard-of-ur","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277411515_720_1764318102810_1600px-Standard_of_Ur_-_War.jpg","2026-03-05T11:20:32","2026-03-05T11:21:12","烏爾王陵是蘇美爾早王朝最重要考古發現,出土普阿比女王墓、人殉遺蹟、公牛頭琴與烏爾軍旗,展現 4500 年前蘇美爾文明的輝煌與殘酷。",{"id":57,"name":58,"keywords":4,"slug":59,"author":7,"ogImage":60,"isBlog":4,"createDate":61,"updateDate":62,"description":63},"67bdd9ec9ed94af1a05060ee9b536525","繩紋文化","jomon-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779869915894_jomon-culture.jpg","2026-05-27T22:08:23","2026-05-27T22:09:00","繩紋文化(Jōmon Culture)是日本列島持續時間最長的史前文化,以繩紋陶器、火焰紋陶器與神秘土偶聞名。 本文系統介紹繩紋文化的年代、社會結構、藝術傳統、繩紋人的起源及其與現代日本人的關係。",{"id":65,"name":66,"keywords":4,"slug":67,"author":7,"ogImage":68,"isBlog":4,"createDate":69,"updateDate":70,"description":71},"e85f3773b7624b34ba0a950c83050f14","末次冰盛期","last-glacial-maximum","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779866970213_last-glacial-maximum3.jpg","2026-05-27T16:11:50","2026-05-27T16:12:42","深度解析距今約2.6萬年前的末次冰盛期(LGM)。 本文將結合米蘭科維奇循環模型,帶您直觀了解海平面下降130米、陸橋裸露後的全球地理巨變,以及極寒環境如何將舊石器晚期智人鍛造為全球擴散的頂級適應者。",{"id":73,"name":74,"keywords":4,"slug":75,"author":7,"ogImage":76,"isBlog":4,"createDate":77,"updateDate":78,"description":79},"3430c1759ae64ef28ee275be703e3ff7","馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化","malta-buret-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276830881_720_1761535507344_Princess_of_Xiaohe2.jpg","2026-02-27T20:06:48","2026-03-12T12:59:20","什麼是馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化? 古代歐亞北部人(ANE)是誰? 本文講解這支 2.4 萬年前的西伯利亞文化、基因貢獻及與小河公主的關係。",{"id":81,"name":82,"keywords":4,"slug":83,"author":7,"ogImage":84,"isBlog":4,"createDate":85,"updateDate":86,"description":87},"ac264b8d3e66438da6607447071ee4c2","北京直立人","homo-erectus-pekinensis","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779777251042_peking-man5.jpg","2026-05-26T15:40:38","2026-05-26T15:40:58","北京直立人(Homo erectus pekinensis)是中國最重要的古人類化石之一。 本文系統介紹北京人的發現歷史、石器工具、生活方式、用火問題,以及其在人類演化和現代東亞人起源爭議中的地位。",{"id":89,"name":90,"keywords":4,"slug":91,"author":7,"ogImage":92,"isBlog":4,"createDate":93,"updateDate":94,"description":95},"0ecc0752e901485383ef2f8f6dd974cd","克洛維斯文化","clovis-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779775149260_clovis-culture-background.jpg","2026-05-26T17:10:54","2026-05-26T17:11:52","深度解析北美舊石器時代晚期的克洛維斯文化。 探索精美絕倫的燕尾槽石矛工藝,反思「克洛維斯第一」假說的顛覆,並揭秘新仙女木期氣候驟變與人類圍獵如何共同終結了北美猛獁象與乳齒象的巨獸時代。",{"id":97,"name":98,"keywords":4,"slug":99,"author":7,"ogImage":100,"isBlog":4,"createDate":101,"updateDate":102,"description":103},"683d1a08052e40edb630405652eb52bf","人類進入美洲大陸","humans-entered-the-new-world","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276871277_720_1761549850669_fossilized-footprints32.jpg","2026-02-27T21:18:30","2026-03-04T22:23:21","人類何時進入美洲? 白令陸橋如何形成? 白沙腳印、蒙特韋德、克洛維斯文化分別證明了什麼? 本文系統梳理人類拓殖美洲的完整歷史。",{"id":105,"name":106,"keywords":4,"slug":107,"author":7,"ogImage":108,"isBlog":4,"createDate":109,"updateDate":110,"description":111},"3e4128c6ce5045ea9a7832a51bc328a2","莫斯特文化","mousterian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779776644371_mousterian52.jpg","2026-05-26T16:50:31","2026-05-26T16:51:43","莫斯特文化(Mousterian)是舊石器時代中期最重要的石器工業之一,與尼安德特人密切相關。 本文系統介紹莫斯特文化的起源、勒瓦婁哇技術、工具特點、主要遺址,以及其在人類演化史中的重要地位。",{"id":113,"name":114,"keywords":4,"slug":115,"author":7,"ogImage":116,"isBlog":4,"createDate":117,"updateDate":118,"description":119},"fae2bb675a97427e97f33bd0085faa79","最早的車輪和犁","invention-of-wheels-and-plough","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277127559_720_1762914174723_1599px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg","2026-02-28T15:01:18","2026-03-04T22:26:58","車輪和犁最早在哪裡發明? 蘇美爾人如何從製陶輪走向車輪與犁耕? 本文講透人類兩大關鍵技術的起源與影響。\n",{"id":121,"name":122,"keywords":4,"slug":123,"author":7,"ogImage":124,"isBlog":4,"createDate":125,"updateDate":126,"description":127},"26b859c8750d4187a9b2bc105417dc69","阿舍利文化","acheulean-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779440045036_acheulean52.jpg","2026-05-22T21:28:33","2026-05-22T21:28:51","阿舍利文化(Acheulean)是史前人類技術文明的重大飛躍。 本文全面解密距今170萬至20萬年前的「模式-2」石器工業,帶你探索兼具兩面打製與對稱美學的「遠古瑞士軍刀」手斧,以及直立人跨越非歐亞大陸的生存智慧。",{"id":129,"name":130,"keywords":4,"slug":131,"author":7,"ogImage":132,"isBlog":4,"createDate":133,"updateDate":134,"description":135},"66819a421b1640618f188698d57077b2","奧杜威文化","oldowan-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779440030720_oldowan-culture-background2.jpg","2026-05-22T21:03:39","2026-05-22T21:06:21","奧杜威文化(Oldowan)是人類歷史上首個有意識、標準化的工具製作模式。 本文全面解析距今260萬至170萬年前的「模式-1」石器工業,帶你探訪東非奧杜威峽谷、格魯吉亞德馬尼西及中國西侯度等見證人類技術黎明的史前遺址。",{"id":137,"name":138,"keywords":4,"slug":139,"author":7,"ogImage":140,"isBlog":4,"createDate":141,"updateDate":142,"description":143},"397fdaa317044fa992bff0a464b61917","","hamburgian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779436529399_hamburgian.jpg","2026-05-22T15:36:23","2026-05-22T15:39:18","本文帶你走進舊石器時代晚期的漢堡文化(Hamburgian)。 探索這群活躍於1.5萬年前北歐平原的冰緣狩獵採集者,如何靠精湛的肩狀石尖器與捕獵馴鹿在寒冷冰期末期生存與演化。",{"id":145,"name":146,"keywords":4,"slug":147,"author":7,"ogImage":148,"isBlog":4,"createDate":149,"updateDate":150,"description":151},"a165f9af697a47448e05509633a4ad82","梭魯特文化","solutrean-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1778835530713_solutrean.jpg","2026-05-15T20:21:03","2026-05-15T20:23:10","探索距今2.2萬年前的梭魯特文化。 從薄如蟬翼的桂葉狀尖狀器到大膽的「北大西洋遷徙假說」,解析梭魯特獵人如何在末次盛冰期的嚴酷環境下,創造出史前歐洲最精湛的工業美學。",1779891380822]