[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":152},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-babylon-assyrian-period-zh-tw":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"蛰伏期的巴比伦","babylon-assyrian-period","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283020766_720_1765021165321_nebuchadnezzar-1.jpg","article","2026-02-05T17:17:07","2024-06-25T10:50:03",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"蟄伏期的巴比倫","蟄伏期的巴比倫:青銅時代後美索不達米亞的興衰沉浮","蟄伏期的巴比倫:從第四王朝到亞述附庸的漫長沉浮史","巴比倫文明,亞述,亞述時期,巴比倫","青銅時代的主要古國,特別是赫梯崩潰後,埃及也退回到自己在非洲的傳統區域,近東地區的權力被新出現的一系列或多或少具有獨立身份的小國所瓜分。 這些國家有的脫胎於以前青銅時代大國或附庸國,有的則是完全新成立的。 古老的亞述王國也歷經起伏,在其他強權退出舞台後率先復甦,一度走向繁榮;但到了公元前 11 世紀又再次經歷了較大的衰敗,直到公元前 10 世紀晚期又開始重新崛起。\n\n在這樣的背景下,歷經幾百年漫長時光,\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">美索不達米亞\u003C/span>也見證了好幾個巴比倫王朝的起起落落,其中大部分王朝衰弱而短命,反映了巴比倫在政治、軍事上的頻繁衰退與偶然崛起。**這一時期可以被看做是巴比倫歷史上一個漫長的幕間休息或蟄伏期**,因為總體上看,這似乎是一個記錄極少、平庸無奇的時代。\n\n## 巴比倫「第四王朝」與尼布甲尼撒一世\n\n前 1155 年,加喜特人創建的巴比倫第三王朝在埃蘭的打擊下滅亡後,巴比倫本地的勢力得到機會,並重新建立了一個王國,即以\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Isin City\" lon=\"45.2693\" lat=\"31.8849\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">伊辛城\u003C/span>為早期核心的伊辛第二王朝(約公元前1115年-前1025年),也被稱為 「巴比倫第四王朝」,首都大部分時期都設在\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Babylon City\" lon=\"44.4192\" lat=\"32.5352\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">巴比倫城\u003C/span>。 這個王朝先後共有十一位國王,不過他們之間的血脈關係似乎並不是一脈相承的。 其中最著名的是第四位君主尼布甲尼撒一世(nebuchadnezzar I,公元前1125年-前1104年),他之所以有名,是因為他率兵入侵了東北的埃蘭國。 在這一創舉中,他洗劫了埃蘭人的\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Susa City\" lon=\"48.2436\" lat=\"32.1942\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">蘇薩城\u003C/span>(Susa),從那裡**帶回了幾十年前,後者滅亡第三王朝時所劫掠的巴比倫守護神馬杜克(Marduk)的神像**。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000194/000194_1719284060794.jpg\" alt=\"巴比伦王，尼布甲尼撒一世时代的一个“界石”及铭文\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://kids.kiddle.co/Nebuchadnezzar_I\" target=\"_blank\">Kids.kiddle\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">尼布甲尼撒一世時代的一個「界石」及銘文。 界石(Kudurru)是加喜特巴比倫時期出現的,也是當時最重要的一種藝術形式,背部鐫刻有大量銘文。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000194/000194_1719284136719.png\" alt=\"尼布甲尼撒一世“界石”的局部放大，描述了巴比伦王帮助马杜克神重新“归位”\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldcivilization/chapter/nebuchadnezzar-and-the-fall-of-babylon/\" target=\"_blank\">Lumen learning\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">尼布甲尼撒一世時期,一尊「界石」的局部放大,巴比倫王幫助馬杜克(Marduk,右側)神重新「歸位」。 在巴比倫歷史上,其守護神的雕像曾多次被外族搶走,因此能夠將神像帶回巴比倫的國王,顯然是具有偉大功績的。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n由於尼布甲尼撒一世的勝利,又由於第四王朝被看做是巴比倫「本土」勢力所創建的,這讓巴比倫人的民族自豪感重新復甦。 到了王朝第六位繼任者,也是尼布甲尼撒一世的弟弟,即馬杜克-納丁-阿赫(Marduk-��nadin-ahhe,公元前 1095 年-前 1078 年) 時期,巴比倫王國又與亞述王國爆發了新的戰爭。 除此之外,學者們對於該王朝統治巴比倫期間的情況便所知甚少了。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.29/1764665081088_960px-Babylonian_-_Boundary_Stone_-_Walters_2110.jpg\" alt=\"马杜克-纳丁-阿赫\" width=\"60%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk-nadin-ahhe\" target=\"_blank\">Marduk-��nadin-ahhe\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">巴比倫第四王朝的第六位國王, 馬杜克-納丁-阿赫(Marduk-��nadin-ahhe,公元前 1095 年-前 1078 年) 時期的界碑,雕刻有國王、神明和一些符號, 這是一份國王授予土地的永久性證明。 大英博物館。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.29/1764665408774_Flickr_-_Nic's_events_-_British_Museum.jpg\" alt=\"马杜克-纳丁-阿赫\" width=\"60%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk-nadin-ahhe\" target=\"_blank\">Marduk-��nadin-ahhe\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">馬杜克-納丁-阿赫統治時期的界碑,同樣是一份國王授予土地的永久性證明。 這段時期,\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Babylon Region\" lon=\"44.4192\" lat=\"32.5352\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">巴比倫地區\u003C/span>伴隨著大範圍的乾旱與饑荒。 大英博物館。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n## 蟄伏期的巴比倫\n\n巴比倫第四王朝後來被發跡於兩河流域最南端的「海國第二王朝」取代,後者也被稱為「巴比倫第五王朝」(前1025年-前1004年),王朝先後有三位統治者,從名號判斷,他們應為加喜特人。 第五王朝只存續了短短 20 年,隨後便被「巴比倫第六王朝」(前1004年-前985年)取代。 而第六王朝同樣短命,先後也有三位國王,同樣具有加喜特人背景。 之後,東方的埃蘭人再次入侵巴比倫,又建立了只有一位國王的「埃蘭王朝」,也稱「巴比倫第七王朝」(前985年-前979年)。 此外還有第八、第九王朝,其中第九王朝一般被用來指代亞述統治時期,一些學者將兩者合併為「不確定王朝」(Uncertain Dynasty)。\n\n這個時期,環境因素也極大地影響了\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Babylon Region\" lon=\"44.4192\" lat=\"32.5352\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">巴比倫地區\u003C/span>。 公元前 2 千紀即將結束時,\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Euphrates River\" lon=\"38.6321\" lat=\"39.183\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">幼發拉底河\u003C/span>的主要河道大幅向西偏移,這對最南端的地區影響不大,但北部沖積平原上的城市則很可能因為這次改道而損失嚴重,造成鹽鹼地數量增加,可耕種土地減少。 隨之而來的結果是該地區生產能力下降,人口減少,國力受到嚴重削弱。\n\n在此期間,還有一件影響極大的事情發生,即阿拉米人的部落不斷侵入巴比倫。 到公元前第一個千年時期,他們已建立了不少城邦,不僅是在\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">美索不達米亞\u003C/span>,還包括了敘利亞和\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Anatolia\" lon=\"32\" lat=\"39\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">安納托利亞\u003C/span>東部地區。 阿拉米人的一些部族首領後來在巴比倫尼亞歷史中扮演了重要的角色,阿拉米語也逐漸替代了阿卡德語,成為\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Babylon Region\" lon=\"44.4192\" lat=\"32.5352\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">巴比倫地區\u003C/span>的主要語言。\n\n到了公元前 10 世紀晚期,亞述人再次成為\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Babylon Region\" lon=\"44.4192\" lat=\"32.5352\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">巴比倫地區\u003C/span>最嚴重的威脅,這個威脅在亞述國王阿達德尼拉里二世(Adad-nirari II,公元前911年-公元前891年)統治時期變成現實,他打敗了巴比倫國王沙瑪什-姆達米克(Shamash-mudammiq,公元前933年-公元前904年),占領了巴比倫王國。 此後,巴比倫基本上淪為了亞述帝國的附庸。\n\n巴比倫王國的再次崛起,則需等到「新巴比倫帝國」和尼布甲尼撒二世(Nebuchadnezzar II,公元前605年-前562年,他和上文中出現的尼布甲尼撒一世間,並沒有太大關係,只是使用了相同的名號而已)的時代了。 到了那時,後世著名的」空中花園「才會出現,對猶太歷史影響深遠的」巴比倫之囚「才會發生。 不過,那時控制巴比倫的族群已經不是加喜特人,而是迦勒底人了。\n\n## 參考資料\n\n\n\n《世界史的故事》苏珊·怀斯·鲍尔；徐彬[译]；中信出版社 2023-04\n\n《巴比伦：\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">美索不达米亚\u003C/span>和文明的诞生》保罗·克里瓦切克；陈沅[译]；社会科学文献出版社 2019-12\n\n《巴比伦尼亚》；[澳大利亚] 特雷弗·布赖斯；赵娜[译]；译林出版社 2022-08\n\n《中东的王国和帝国（美国国家地理全球史）》；美国国家地理学会编著；周恒涛[译]；现代出版社 2022-06\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/zh/1-53/\" target=\"_blank\">巴比伦\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk\" target=\"_blank\">Marduk\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk-nadin-ahhe\" target=\"_blank\">Marduk-nadin-ahhe\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n\n","青銅時代後,巴比倫歷經多個短命王朝,從尼布甲尼撒一世的短暫輝煌到淪為亞述附庸,解讀其蟄伏期的興衰與時代背景。\n","蟄伏期的巴比倫:美索不達米亞文明的漫長幕間休息","從伊辛第二王朝到迦勒底人崛起前,巴比倫在動盪中蟄伏,見證王朝更迭、外敵入侵與文明的艱難延續。","zh-tw",0.7,[24,32,40,48,56,64,72,80,88,96,104,112,120,128,136,144],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":30,"description":31},"3524f33073f74ca791a2a0a0ff9f05a7","新亞述時期-帝國的崛起","rise-of-neo-assyrian-empire","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283423294_720_1765171787724_Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.jpg","2026-03-06T13:56:10","2026-03-06T13:56:41","新亞述從強國走向帝國,提格拉特 - 帕拉沙爾三世開啟帝國時代,以鐵血軍事征服兩河流域、敘利亞與埃及,成為近東霸主。",{"id":33,"name":34,"keywords":4,"slug":35,"author":7,"ogImage":36,"isBlog":4,"createDate":37,"updateDate":38,"description":39},"56cb3572d0204baca29ad9a49ba0ba43","中亞述的第二次擴張","tiglath-pileser-i","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283141726_720_000185_1719457481669.jpg","2026-03-06T12:49:29","2026-03-06T12:50:00","提格拉特 - 帕拉沙爾一世帶領中亞述再度擴張,西征地中海、東敗埃蘭、南征巴比倫,卻在其死後迅速退回核心區。",{"id":41,"name":42,"keywords":4,"slug":43,"author":7,"ogImage":44,"isBlog":4,"createDate":45,"updateDate":46,"description":47},"a262f5ad066f49f7b8214176ae282a63","圖庫爾蒂-尼努爾塔一世","tukulti-ninurta-i","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770282869066_720_1765000072741_Tukulti-Ninurta-I.jpg","2026-03-06T10:19:33","2026-03-06T10:24:46","圖庫爾蒂 - 尼努爾塔一世將中亞述推向鼎盛,征服巴比倫、重創赫梯,卻死於宮廷內亂,亞述隨即陷入沉寂。\n",{"id":49,"name":50,"keywords":4,"slug":51,"author":7,"ogImage":52,"isBlog":4,"createDate":53,"updateDate":54,"description":55},"f8195318875b4cab9b0f6a98faf82d0f","中亞述的第一次擴張","middle-assyrian-empire-first-period-of-expansion-and-consolidation","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278703537_720_1764946989741_Arranging_the_boundary_between_Assyria_and_Babylon.jpg","2026-03-05T22:05:04","2026-03-05T22:05:44","中亞述在阿達德尼拉里一世與薩爾瑪那薩爾一世時期完成第一次大擴張,滅亡米坦尼、壓製巴比倫與赫梯,確立地區強權地位。",{"id":57,"name":58,"keywords":4,"slug":59,"author":7,"ogImage":60,"isBlog":4,"createDate":61,"updateDate":62,"description":63},"2d7652a378004028bd878952332ba58d","阿摩利人的諸多王國","rise-of-amorites","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277999705_720_1764052116575_Cuneiform_Clay_Tablets_from_Amorite_Kingdom_of_Mari,_1st_Half_of_2nd_Mill._BC.jpg","2026-03-05T14:30:17","2026-03-05T14:30:37","烏爾第三王朝滅亡後,阿摩利人在兩河流域建立眾多王國,形成伊辛、拉爾薩、古巴比倫、亞述等勢力,開啟閃米特主導的新時代。",{"id":65,"name":66,"keywords":4,"slug":67,"author":7,"ogImage":68,"isBlog":4,"createDate":69,"updateDate":70,"description":71},"4c8d31293f804624bffefd2d1ea19c6f","新埃蘭時期與文明的消亡","neo-elamite-period","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290418284_720_1765426853042_Assyria.jpg","2026-03-08T17:08:50","2026-03-08T17:19:43","公元前1100年至600年,新埃蘭時期見證了兩千年埃蘭文明的終結。 本文詳述亞述帝國的殘酷征服、蘇薩城的毀滅,以及波斯人如何繼承埃蘭遺產並建立阿契美尼德王朝,還原近東霸權更迭的真實史詩。",{"id":73,"name":74,"keywords":4,"slug":75,"author":7,"ogImage":76,"isBlog":4,"createDate":77,"updateDate":78,"description":79},"c95a3540107249f0915fcb3daa6a989c","亞述巴尼拔","ashurbanipal","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290515108_720_1765955683708_Ashurbanipal2.jpg","2026-02-26T00:18:50","2026-03-12T12:57:22","亞述巴尼拔是亞述帝國最後一位強大君主,征服埃及、血洗埃蘭、建立世界最早的系統性圖書館,見證帝國從巔峰走向滅亡。",{"id":81,"name":82,"keywords":4,"slug":83,"author":7,"ogImage":84,"isBlog":4,"createDate":85,"updateDate":86,"description":87},"51b4e0f9e3524c139d87f1b1a38eb20c","提格拉特-帕拉沙爾三世","tiglath-pileser-iii","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770284171892_720_1765296079488_Tiglath-Pileser-III.jpg","2026-03-06T14:19:08","2026-03-06T14:19:40","提格拉特 - 帕拉沙爾三世結束亞述百年低迷,以軍事擴張、行省制與強制遷徙重塑帝國,征服敘利亞、以色列與巴比倫,開啟新亞述帝國巔峰。",{"id":89,"name":90,"keywords":4,"slug":91,"author":7,"ogImage":92,"isBlog":4,"createDate":93,"updateDate":94,"description":95},"f8304c66f2b045f7a815f7ea2099a720","亞述帝國滅亡","fall-of-the-assyrian-empire","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290720458_720_1765958465332_assyrian-sculpture2.jpg","2026-03-06T20:52:27","2026-03-06T20:52:56","亞述巴尼拔死後,帝國迅速衰落,米底與新巴比倫聯軍攻破尼尼微,屠城焚都,盛極一時的亞述帝國徹底滅亡,開啟近東新格局。",{"id":97,"name":98,"keywords":4,"slug":99,"author":7,"ogImage":100,"isBlog":4,"createDate":101,"updateDate":102,"description":103},"9f11da900d9848398368d30d24938f22","以撒哈頓","esarhaddon","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290469728_720_1766043729754_Esarhaddon.jpg","2026-03-06T20:45:18","2026-03-06T20:45:53","以撒哈頓平定王位內亂,重建被父親焚毀的巴比倫城,擊敗遊牧民族,征服埃及,將亞述帝國推向版圖與國力的巔峰。",{"id":105,"name":106,"keywords":4,"slug":107,"author":7,"ogImage":108,"isBlog":4,"createDate":109,"updateDate":110,"description":111},"a291a35272134469a0e52c33bd90430d","西拿基立","sennacherib","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290298209_720_000208_1756711796420_Shalmaneser2.jpg","2026-03-06T20:31:26","2026-03-06T20:32:05","西拿基立平定巴比倫叛亂,攻陷拉吉什、圍攻耶路撒冷,跨海遠征埃蘭,最終因焚毀巴比倫、褻瀆神祇而遭兒子弒殺,走向悲劇結局。",{"id":113,"name":114,"keywords":4,"slug":115,"author":7,"ogImage":116,"isBlog":4,"createDate":117,"updateDate":118,"description":119},"25ba976e4a84473b9de6275248fa4e61","亞述滅亡以色列王國","assyrian-conquest-of-kingdom-of-israel","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290212077_720_000199_1719298485539.jpg","2026-03-06T22:15:17","2026-03-06T22:15:33","以色列王國因內亂衰敗,末代王何細亞聯埃反亞述被識破,薩爾貢二世攻破撒瑪利亞,流放 2.7 萬以色列人,造就 「遺失的十個部落」 之謎。",{"id":121,"name":122,"keywords":4,"slug":123,"author":7,"ogImage":124,"isBlog":4,"createDate":125,"updateDate":126,"description":127},"6f160e044d9746719e46813a9a720117","薩爾貢二世","sargon-ii","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290188197_720_1765381393252_Sargon_II_Iraq_Museum.jpg","2026-03-06T15:35:46","2026-03-06T15:36:13","薩爾貢二世篡權登基,攻破撒瑪利亞滅亡北國以色列,擊敗烏拉爾圖、征服巴比倫,建杜爾沙魯金新都,將新亞述帝國推向巔峰。",{"id":129,"name":130,"keywords":4,"slug":131,"author":7,"ogImage":132,"isBlog":4,"createDate":133,"updateDate":134,"description":135},"8820943b2e914f3fbf4e0d800cdedea9","烏拉爾圖王國由盛而衰","downfall-of-uraltu-kingdom","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283909164_720_000211_1756708741113_Tushpa2.jpg","2026-03-06T14:29:08","2026-03-06T14:29:33","烏拉爾圖王國依託亞美尼亞高原興起,與亞述長期爭霸,在提格拉特 - 帕拉沙爾三世、薩爾貢二世打擊下由盛轉衰,最終亡於米底與斯基泰人。",{"id":137,"name":138,"keywords":4,"slug":139,"author":7,"ogImage":140,"isBlog":4,"createDate":141,"updateDate":142,"description":143},"f333b8c658284bbe972044ceb1050132","亞述「女王」薩穆-阿瑪特","sammu-ramat","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283677165_720_1766136016849_semiramis.jpg","2026-03-06T16:58:24","2026-03-06T16:59:01","薩穆 - 阿瑪特是沙姆什 - 阿達德五世王后、阿達德尼拉里三世攝政太后,穩定叛亂後的亞述,成為希臘神話塞米勒米斯女王的真實原型。",{"id":145,"name":146,"keywords":4,"slug":147,"author":7,"ogImage":148,"isBlog":4,"createDate":149,"updateDate":150,"description":151},"67b7d4fb8e24411eb742391ff809de5e","烏拉爾圖王國興起","rise-of-uraltu-kingdom","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283635458_720_1765176259767_Urartian_arch_near_Van._1973.jpg","2026-03-08T18:32:24","2026-03-08T20:54:11","烏拉爾圖(Urartu)是古代亞美尼亞高原上的「要塞之國」。 本文詳述其如何憑藉石砌城堡抵禦亞述帝國、領先時代的冶鐵技術以及塞米拉米斯運河等工程奇蹟。 探索這個神秘消失在公元前6世紀的高山文明。",1779891380386]