[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":152},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-assyrian-siege-of-jerusalem-zh-tw":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"西拿基立围困耶路撒冷","assyrian-siege-of-jerusalem","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290333513_720_1763652332431_Peter_Paul_Rubens_082.jpg","article","2026-02-05T19:19:01","2025-11-20T23:18:12",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"西拿基立圍困耶路撒冷","西拿基立圍困耶路撒冷:拉吉什陷落、亞述撤軍與猶太王國死裡逃生","西拿基立圍困耶路撒冷:公元前 701 年亞述征猶大、拉吉什之戰與耶路撒冷解圍","以色列,西拿基立,耶路撒冷,希西家","公元前 700 年左右,令人聞風喪膽的亞述帝國已經強勢崛起,而統治這個強權帝國的則是著名的亞述王西拿基立(Sennacherib,公元前705年-前681年)。\n\n## 西拿基立圍困\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Jerusalem\" lon=\"35.2341\" lat=\"31.7736\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">耶路撒冷\u003C/span>\n\n在當時,埃及作為傳統的強國,其統治者已由\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Libya\" lon=\"17.2692\" lat=\"26.3347\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"3\">利比亞\u003C/span>人換成了努比亞人,即埃及第二十五王朝,也是埃及歷史上唯一一個由黑人建立的王朝。 法老沙巴卡(Taharqa,公元前690年-前664年)錯誤估計了地區形勢,他鼓動包括猶太王國在內的一些小王國,企圖聯手對抗亞述帝國。\n\n據稱,猶太國王希西家(Hezekiah,公元前715-前697年)對埃及的建議猶豫不決,考慮是否接受埃及的聯盟要求。 根據《聖經》的描述,希西家不顧先知以賽亞警告,堅持用隆重的禮儀接待了亞述敵人的使者,還向他們展示了自己的寶庫和武器庫。 這樣的行為給猶太王國召來了滅頂之災。 埃及在關鍵時刻退縮了,可能是受到了亞述人的阻擊,法老的軍隊還沒有到達亞洲便返回了\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"The Nile\" lon=\"31.1167\" lat=\"30.9\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">尼羅河\u003C/span>流域。 隨後,西拿基立的軍隊大舉進攻猶太王國。 根據亞述文獻記載:「此次進攻猶太王國的戰役總共攻陷了 46 座堅固的城池,擄走了男女老少 20 萬零 150 人和無數的馬、驢、駱駝、牛等,希西家王則像籠中之鳥一樣被困於\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Jerusalem\" lon=\"35.2341\" lat=\"31.7736\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">耶路撒冷\u003C/span>城中,無路可逃」。\n\n在這場戰爭中,進攻\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Jerusalem\" lon=\"35.2341\" lat=\"31.7736\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">耶路撒冷\u003C/span>衛星城\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Lachish City\" lon=\"34.8488\" lat=\"31.5655\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">拉吉什城\u003C/span>(Lachish)的圍城戰非常有名,因為在西拿基立時代的石碑上,以及\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Nineveh\" lon=\"43.1517\" lat=\"36.3557\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">尼尼微城\u003C/span>的浮雕中,都詳細描繪了攻城經過。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000199/000199_1719298727910.png\" alt=\"亚述王西拿基立，曾长期围困犹太王国首都\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://www.ancientpages.com/2017/03/02/unexpected-discovery-of-600bc-assyrian-palace-in-shrine-destroyed-by-isil-militants/\" target=\"_blank\">Ancient pages\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">亞述帝國歷史上最強大的國王之一,西拿基立。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.32/1765193005386_Biblical_Jerusalem_Wall_Remnants.jpg\" alt=\"希西家时期的城墙遗迹\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezekiah\" target=\"_blank\">Hezekiah\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Jerusalem\" lon=\"35.2341\" lat=\"31.7736\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">耶路撒冷\u003C/span>老城,位於猶太區被稱為「寬闊城牆」的古城牆遺蹟,據稱建於希西家時期,並幫助抵禦了西拿基立的圍攻。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000199/000199_1719298772119.png\" alt=\"亚述王西拿基立的前八次战役文档\" width=\"60%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib\" target=\"_blank\">Sennacherib\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">這份六棱形的黏土文檔出土於\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Nineveh\" lon=\"43.1517\" lat=\"36.3557\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">尼尼微城\u003C/span>,作為最早發現的主要亞述文獻之一,它在破譯楔形文字方面發揮了重要作用。 文檔記錄了亞述王西拿基立的前八次戰役,學者們對第三次戰役(公元前 701 年)尤為感興趣,其中記錄了亞述摧毀了猶太王國的四十六座城市,並驅逐了 200,150 人。 據說,猶太王希西家曾向西拿基立進貢,這個事件在舊約《列王紀下》和《以賽亞書》中也有描述。 但這份文檔並沒有提到在該戰役中發生的對拉吉什的圍攻,而是將其記錄在尼尼微宮殿的其他文檔里。 這也形成了現今回溯這段歷史的交叉證據。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000199/000199_1719298834268.jpg\" alt=\"亚述军队攻陷了犹太王国的城池\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachish_reliefs\" target=\"_blank\">Lachish reliefs\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">這幅來自\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Nineveh\" lon=\"43.1517\" lat=\"36.3557\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">尼尼微城\u003C/span>宮殿墻壁上的浮雕非常生動地描述了拉吉什攻城戰役。 在左邊,攻城車被緩緩地推上坡道,有弓箭手在車上放箭並澆水以免攻城車著火;畫面中的坡道似乎是亞述士兵臨時建造的,以便將這些重型攻城裝備推送到城牆和城門邊。 在右邊,大量弓箭手正在向城內放箭。 場景中央則刻畫了保衛城市的猶太士兵,他們用箭、石頭和火把來攻擊亞述士兵;另外還有一些平民正通過一扇門,他們想逃離這座即將陷落的城市。 大英博物館。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000199/000199_1719298892113.jpg\" alt=\"亚述军队攻陷犹太王国的城市，并屠城以制造恐惧\" width=\"70%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/15849/lachish-relief-at-nineveh/\" target=\"_blank\">Lachish relief at Nineveh\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">陷落後的拉吉什遭到屠城,亞述帝國時期以異常殘暴而聞名,製造恐懼也是帝國維持統治的必要手段之一。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n據稱,在亞述軍隊的強大壓力下,猶太國王希西家脫去王袍,身穿麻衣,來到亞述王面前請求寬恕,他還向亞述王供奉了 11 噸白銀。 但西拿基立並沒有善罷甘休,他殘酷地攻破了那些反抗亞述的城鎮,還包圍了\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Jerusalem\" lon=\"35.2341\" lat=\"31.7736\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">耶路撒冷\u003C/span>。 《聖經》記載了這次攻城戰役,據稱:「希西家的虔誠讓上帝滿意,於是上帝派了一個天使一夜之間擊殺了亞述全軍,只留下亞述王西拿基立」。 但**實際的情況可能是圍城的亞述軍隊中突然爆發了大瘟疫**,迫使亞述軍撤圍退兵。\n\n猶太王國躲過一劫。\n\n阿薩爾哈東(Esarhaddon,公元前680年-前669年)繼承亞述王位後,將進攻的重點放到埃及,對不構成威脅的猶太王國(以及周邊的腓尼基國家等)等採取安撫懷柔政策;而猶太王國似乎也只有親亞述這一個選項,常常為亞述提供兵源和物資,並定期繳納賦稅,實際上淪為亞述的附屬國。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.29/1763652332431_Peter_Paul_Rubens_082.jpg\" alt=\"The Defeat of Sennacherib\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Defeat_of_Sennacherib\" target=\"_blank\">The Defeat of Sennacherib\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">彼得·保羅·魯本斯(Peter Paul Rubens,1577-1640)的油畫:《西拿基立的失敗》。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n## 參考資料\n\n\n\n《犹太人三千年简史》；[美]雷蒙德•P.谢德林；张鋆良[译]；浙江人民出版社 2020-06\n\n《犹太人千年史》； 张倩红 / 张少华；北京大学出版社 2016-08\n\n《亚述：世界历史上第一个帝国的兴衰》；[美] 埃卡特·弗拉姆；翟思诺[译]；中信出版社 2024-11\n\n《世界史的故事》苏珊·怀斯·鲍尔；徐彬[译]；中信出版社 2023-04\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)\" target=\"_blank\">Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezekiah\" target=\"_blank\">Hezekiah\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n\n\n\n","西拿基立橫掃猶太 46 城,攻陷拉吉什並圍困耶路撒冷,希西家重金求和,亞述軍因瘟疫撤圍,猶太王國得以倖存。","前701年,西拿基立圍耶路撒冷:亞述幾乎滅猶大,為何最後突然撤兵?","公元前701年,亞述大軍踏平拉吉什,把希西家困在耶路撒冷;可一夜之間大軍卻離奇崩潰,猶太就此逃過滅國。","zh-tw",0.7,[24,32,40,48,56,64,72,80,88,96,104,112,120,128,136,144],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":30,"description":31},"5d0664e200c94458bc0ef71b900b1da9","大衛王與以色列聯合王國","kingdom-of-israel-united-monarchy","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283311112_720_000191_1718769117841.jpg","2026-02-28T15:00:22","2026-03-12T12:58:52","以色列聯合王國如何誕生? 士師時代、掃羅王、大衛王統一以色列、定都耶路撒冷、擊敗腓力斯丁人與但丘石碑考古證據。",{"id":33,"name":34,"keywords":4,"slug":35,"author":7,"ogImage":36,"isBlog":4,"createDate":37,"updateDate":38,"description":39},"a291a35272134469a0e52c33bd90430d","西拿基立","sennacherib","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290298209_720_000208_1756711796420_Shalmaneser2.jpg","2026-03-06T20:31:26","2026-03-06T20:32:05","西拿基立平定巴比倫叛亂,攻陷拉吉什、圍攻耶路撒冷,跨海遠征埃蘭,最終因焚毀巴比倫、褻瀆神祇而遭兒子弒殺,走向悲劇結局。",{"id":41,"name":42,"keywords":4,"slug":43,"author":7,"ogImage":44,"isBlog":4,"createDate":45,"updateDate":46,"description":47},"25ba976e4a84473b9de6275248fa4e61","亞述滅亡以色列王國","assyrian-conquest-of-kingdom-of-israel","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290212077_720_000199_1719298485539.jpg","2026-03-06T22:15:17","2026-03-06T22:15:33","以色列王國因內亂衰敗,末代王何細亞聯埃反亞述被識破,薩爾貢二世攻破撒瑪利亞,流放 2.7 萬以色列人,造就 「遺失的十個部落」 之謎。",{"id":49,"name":50,"keywords":4,"slug":51,"author":7,"ogImage":52,"isBlog":4,"createDate":53,"updateDate":54,"description":55},"fc5753d375714420b9fbe0bc5b6b1664","以色列聯合王國分裂","division-of-united-kingdom-of-israel","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283444369_720_1765173514774_Achav_palace_2.jpg","2026-03-06T22:08:39","2026-03-06T22:15:23","所羅門王晚年失政,其子羅波安即位後以色列聯合王國正式分裂為北以色列與南猶大,兩國長期內耗,先後淪為亞述、巴比倫的附庸。",{"id":57,"name":58,"keywords":4,"slug":59,"author":7,"ogImage":60,"isBlog":4,"createDate":61,"updateDate":62,"description":63},"50c3514dd17343309a6f3e7ec015b820","所羅門王","king-solomon","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283390056_720_1765163450382_solomon.jpg","2026-03-06T13:44:49","2026-03-06T13:45:15","所羅門王以智慧著稱,建第一聖殿、強軍富國、外交結盟,開創以色列聯合王國黃金時代,留下深遠文化與宗教遺產。",{"id":65,"name":66,"keywords":4,"slug":67,"author":7,"ogImage":68,"isBlog":4,"createDate":69,"updateDate":70,"description":71},"c9dbb6af51b6494cb61c8f896656fab6","出埃及與《摩西十誡》","exodus-and-ten-commandments","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770282846316_720_1764995553556_Exodus_map.jpg","2026-03-06T10:15:27","2026-03-06T10:15:55","從《出埃及記》傳說、摩西帶領以色列人逃離埃及,到《摩西十誡》的頒布,一文看懂以色列民族起源與早期信仰形成。",{"id":73,"name":74,"keywords":4,"slug":75,"author":7,"ogImage":76,"isBlog":4,"createDate":77,"updateDate":78,"description":79},"67bdd9ec9ed94af1a05060ee9b536525","繩紋文化","jomon-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779869915894_jomon-culture.jpg","2026-05-27T22:08:23","2026-05-27T22:09:00","繩紋文化(Jōmon Culture)是日本列島持續時間最長的史前文化,以繩紋陶器、火焰紋陶器與神秘土偶聞名。 本文系統介紹繩紋文化的年代、社會結構、藝術傳統、繩紋人的起源及其與現代日本人的關係。",{"id":81,"name":82,"keywords":4,"slug":83,"author":7,"ogImage":84,"isBlog":4,"createDate":85,"updateDate":86,"description":87},"e85f3773b7624b34ba0a950c83050f14","末次冰盛期","last-glacial-maximum","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779866970213_last-glacial-maximum3.jpg","2026-05-27T16:11:50","2026-05-27T16:12:42","深度解析距今約2.6萬年前的末次冰盛期(LGM)。 本文將結合米蘭科維奇循環模型,帶您直觀了解海平面下降130米、陸橋裸露後的全球地理巨變,以及極寒環境如何將舊石器晚期智人鍛造為全球擴散的頂級適應者。",{"id":89,"name":90,"keywords":4,"slug":91,"author":7,"ogImage":92,"isBlog":4,"createDate":93,"updateDate":94,"description":95},"3430c1759ae64ef28ee275be703e3ff7","馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化","malta-buret-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276830881_720_1761535507344_Princess_of_Xiaohe2.jpg","2026-02-27T20:06:48","2026-03-12T12:59:20","什麼是馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化? 古代歐亞北部人(ANE)是誰? 本文講解這支 2.4 萬年前的西伯利亞文化、基因貢獻及與小河公主的關係。",{"id":97,"name":98,"keywords":4,"slug":99,"author":7,"ogImage":100,"isBlog":4,"createDate":101,"updateDate":102,"description":103},"ac264b8d3e66438da6607447071ee4c2","北京直立人","homo-erectus-pekinensis","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779777251042_peking-man5.jpg","2026-05-26T15:40:38","2026-05-26T15:40:58","北京直立人(Homo erectus pekinensis)是中國最重要的古人類化石之一。 本文系統介紹北京人的發現歷史、石器工具、生活方式、用火問題,以及其在人類演化和現代東亞人起源爭議中的地位。",{"id":105,"name":106,"keywords":4,"slug":107,"author":7,"ogImage":108,"isBlog":4,"createDate":109,"updateDate":110,"description":111},"0ecc0752e901485383ef2f8f6dd974cd","克洛維斯文化","clovis-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779775149260_clovis-culture-background.jpg","2026-05-26T17:10:54","2026-05-26T17:11:52","深度解析北美舊石器時代晚期的克洛維斯文化。 探索精美絕倫的燕尾槽石矛工藝,反思「克洛維斯第一」假說的顛覆,並揭秘新仙女木期氣候驟變與人類圍獵如何共同終結了北美猛獁象與乳齒象的巨獸時代。",{"id":113,"name":114,"keywords":4,"slug":115,"author":7,"ogImage":116,"isBlog":4,"createDate":117,"updateDate":118,"description":119},"683d1a08052e40edb630405652eb52bf","人類進入美洲大陸","humans-entered-the-new-world","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276871277_720_1761549850669_fossilized-footprints32.jpg","2026-02-27T21:18:30","2026-03-04T22:23:21","人類何時進入美洲? 白令陸橋如何形成? 白沙腳印、蒙特韋德、克洛維斯文化分別證明了什麼? 本文系統梳理人類拓殖美洲的完整歷史。",{"id":121,"name":122,"keywords":4,"slug":123,"author":7,"ogImage":124,"isBlog":4,"createDate":125,"updateDate":126,"description":127},"3e4128c6ce5045ea9a7832a51bc328a2","莫斯特文化","mousterian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779776644371_mousterian52.jpg","2026-05-26T16:50:31","2026-05-26T16:51:43","莫斯特文化(Mousterian)是舊石器時代中期最重要的石器工業之一,與尼安德特人密切相關。 本文系統介紹莫斯特文化的起源、勒瓦婁哇技術、工具特點、主要遺址,以及其在人類演化史中的重要地位。",{"id":129,"name":130,"keywords":4,"slug":131,"author":7,"ogImage":132,"isBlog":4,"createDate":133,"updateDate":134,"description":135},"fae2bb675a97427e97f33bd0085faa79","最早的車輪和犁","invention-of-wheels-and-plough","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277127559_720_1762914174723_1599px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg","2026-02-28T15:01:18","2026-03-04T22:26:58","車輪和犁最早在哪裡發明? 蘇美爾人如何從製陶輪走向車輪與犁耕? 本文講透人類兩大關鍵技術的起源與影響。\n",{"id":137,"name":138,"keywords":4,"slug":139,"author":7,"ogImage":140,"isBlog":4,"createDate":141,"updateDate":142,"description":143},"26b859c8750d4187a9b2bc105417dc69","阿舍利文化","acheulean-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779440045036_acheulean52.jpg","2026-05-22T21:28:33","2026-05-22T21:28:51","阿舍利文化(Acheulean)是史前人類技術文明的重大飛躍。 本文全面解密距今170萬至20萬年前的「模式-2」石器工業,帶你探索兼具兩面打製與對稱美學的「遠古瑞士軍刀」手斧,以及直立人跨越非歐亞大陸的生存智慧。",{"id":145,"name":146,"keywords":4,"slug":147,"author":7,"ogImage":148,"isBlog":4,"createDate":149,"updateDate":150,"description":151},"66819a421b1640618f188698d57077b2","奧杜威文化","oldowan-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779440030720_oldowan-culture-background2.jpg","2026-05-22T21:03:39","2026-05-22T21:06:21","奧杜威文化(Oldowan)是人類歷史上首個有意識、標準化的工具製作模式。 本文全面解析距今260萬至170萬年前的「模式-1」石器工業,帶你探訪東非奧杜威峽谷、格魯吉亞德馬尼西及中國西侯度等見證人類技術黎明的史前遺址。",1779891380105]