[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":143},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-orrorin-tugenensis-en":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"最古老的人类成员-图根原人","orrorin-tugenensis","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770170182584_1760324824811_the-origin-of-our-species2.jpg","article","2026-06-05T11:34:46","2023-11-24T14:32:08",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"The oldest known human member—Orrorin tugenensis","Toumaï the Sahelanthropus: The “Millennium Man” of 6 million years ago and early bipedalism","Australopithecus | The Millennial Man | Evidence of Early Humans and Upright Walking from 6 Million Years Ago","Orrorintugenensis,theMillenniumMan,TugenHominid,humanevolutionaryhistory,ancientapes","### Tugen Original Man\n\nThe Tugan people who lived about 6 million years ago (Orrorin tugenensis) are one of the oldest early members of the human family tree, although they are still controversial. The fossils of this genus were discovered by a joint archaeological team of France and Kenya. In 2000, they found more than a dozen fossil remains belonging to at least five early human individuals, about 6 million years ago. Because the discovery site is located in the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Tugen Hills\" lon=\"36\" lat=\"1.81361\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Tugan Mountains\u003C/span> of Kenya, it is named Tugan original people. It is also called \"millennial\" because it was confirmed at the turn of the millennium \".\n\nThe strata of the unearthed Tugan Homo fossils are dated from the late Miocene of 6.1 million to 5.8 million years ago. These rare and precious fossils show that the species is roughly the same size as chimpanzees, but with dental features closer to those of later humans: smaller teeth and thick enamel. Thinness of tooth enamel is one of the important characteristics that distinguish humans from chimpanzees: chimpanzees eat soft foods such as fruits as their staple food and do not need hard and thick tooth enamel; while human tooth enamel is thicker and is closely related to complex and diverse recipes.\n\nThe most important fossil of the Tugan primitive is a proximal femur, which is also the key evidence to prove its upright walking at present (2023): bone morphology shows that the human ancestors of this period have the ability to walk upright on both feet, which is also the core basis for the Tugan primitive to be classified into the human family. In addition, the bones can also be seen on the typical bone hyperplasia traces, scholars believe that this is a bipedal walking species characteristics. Combined with other morphological characteristics, scientists infer: * * Tugan primitive people can not only climb arboreal, but also walk upright on two feet on the ground * *.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/s00016/000124_1704334470502.jpeg\" alt=\"Orrorin tugenensis\" width=\"70%\"/>\n\u003Cspan>\nSource: The Australian Museum\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">the femur of the Tugenahara confirmed that this species is able to walk upright on both feet. Scientists measured the femur of the Tuguanhara man and, by comparing it with other species, confirmed that he was indeed able to walk on two feet. \"Walking on two feet\" is one of the most important characteristics to distinguish \"human\" from \"ape.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nFor humans, the thumb is the key to fine manipulation and can be held against the other four fingers. In addition to the teeth, there is also a section of phalanx preserved in the fossil of the original man of Tuguan. Morphological analysis showed that the thumb had a well-developed flexor hallucis longus, a structure seen as a transitional feature between chimpanzees and humans. This suggests that Tuggenahara has more precise grasping ability than chimpanzees, and that the thumb structure is likely to evolve in the direction of modern humans.\n\nHowever, in 2010, American paleoanthropologist Sergio Almesiha re-analyzed the thumb of the original Tugenian and found that it was surprisingly similar to the human thumb. Five years later, by comparing the ratio of apes to human hand bones, he suggested that the shape of the human hand had hardly changed in the past 6 million years. He further suggests that chimpanzees and other great apes may have evolved longer fingers to adapt to arboreal life and avoid falling from trees.\n\nThe study of the original people of Tugan also raises an important question: if the original people of Tugan are confirmed as the direct ancestors of human beings, then the Australopithecus represented by the Australopithecus of Afar is likely to lose its status as the \"direct ancestors of human beings\" and become a side branch of the human family. The reason is that the Tugenian appeared 2 million -3 million years earlier than the Australopithecus of Afar, but its femur form is closer to modern man than Australopithecus.\n\nIn any case, like the Chadian Shah, the discovery of the Tughan people filled the gap in the history of human evolution 6 million years ago, and related academic debates continue. Although some scholars do not agree to classify them as early humans, under the current fossil evidence, the Tuguanyuan and Chadian Shah are relatively stable in the earliest evolutionary lineage of humans.\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n### References\n\n\n\n《给智人的极简人类进化史》 [法] 希尔瓦娜·孔戴米 / [法] 弗朗索瓦·萨瓦提埃；李鹏程[译]；海峡书局 \n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://becominghuman.org/hominin-fossils/orrorin-tugenensis/\" target=\"_blank\">Orrorin Tugenensis\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/orrorin-tugenensis\" target=\"_blank\">What does it mean to be human?\u003C/a>\n\n\n---\n\n","Orrorin tugenensis, also known as the “Millennium Man,” lived in Africa 6 million years ago and is one of the earliest known hominins to have walked upright. This paper presents the fossil discoveries, morphological characteristics, and evolutionary significance of this taxon.","Toumaï the Austrlopithecine: 6 million years ago, humanity’s earliest “biped.”","The Turkana Boy lived approximately 6 million years ago and is one of the oldest members of the human family tree. So how do paleoanthropologists distinguish between “humans” and “apes”? Let’s explore this fascinating story that is closely tied to all of us.","en",0.7,[24,30,38,46,54,61,68,76,84,91,98,106,114,121,128,136],{"id":25,"name":4,"keywords":4,"slug":26,"author":7,"ogImage":27,"isBlog":4,"createDate":28,"updateDate":28,"description":29},"b03a4da682ff469189c55b7db325a9cc","australopithecus-garhi","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770175774943_000124_1704333478298.jpg","2026-02-25T16:47:20","The amazing species of Australopithecus lived in Ethiopia about 3.3 million years ago. It was in the same period or even partially overlapped with the famous Afar species of Australopithecus (such as \"Lucy\"), which proved the diversity of human evolution and completely changed the previous The simple view of \"straight line evolution\" of human origin",{"id":31,"name":32,"keywords":4,"slug":33,"author":7,"ogImage":34,"isBlog":4,"createDate":35,"updateDate":36,"description":37},"5238590091ac4fbc9f8cd7c06b109323","Afa Australopithecus","australopithecus-afarensis","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770175627090_000124_1714358823400.jpg","2026-02-25T16:00:00","2026-03-09T12:19:43","Australopithecus Afa is a vital species in the history of early human evolution. It lived in Africa more than 300 million years ago. The most famous representative is the fossil skeleton called \"Lucy\". She is also jokingly called \"The grandmother of mankind\", behind her is the \"first family\" of mankind \".",{"id":39,"name":40,"keywords":4,"slug":41,"author":7,"ogImage":42,"isBlog":4,"createDate":43,"updateDate":44,"description":45},"c8b43140a14a4375842288822a8e9d23","Aldi ape","ardipithecus-ramidus","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770177236835_000124_1704334273316.jpg","2026-02-25T15:38:47","2026-02-26T19:35:14","The Aldi ape is a common name for the species of the ancient human fossil \"Aldi. It is one of the earliest known members of the hominid family and occupies a vital position in the history of human evolution.",{"id":47,"name":48,"keywords":4,"slug":49,"author":7,"ogImage":50,"isBlog":4,"createDate":51,"updateDate":52,"description":53},"47281d4cfe6e440e97e2ca10729e61f6","Homo erectus","homo-eractus","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770175824343_000124_1709605257579.jpg","2023-11-23T15:48:07","2026-03-12T10:23:51","Homo erectus, which existed about 1.8 million to 200000 years ago, is a critical and successful species in the history of human evolution. Their body proportions are close to those of modern people. They can systematically use fire and make complex tools. They not only created the Acheri culture, but also made human beings walk out of Africa for the first time, which can be called a milestone in the evolution of the human genus.",{"id":55,"name":56,"keywords":4,"slug":57,"author":7,"ogImage":58,"isBlog":4,"createDate":59,"updateDate":52,"description":60},"78c2c5b3365e4a22a305d08771815f1c","Genus","homo","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770175703118_1764295418266_Homo_ergaster_American_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg","2024-01-04T09:47:05","\"Human\" is only a term in the traditional sense, and from a genealogical point of view, it is very imprecise. In a narrow sense, human beings refer to all the people who have existed in history so far. However, human beings in biological taxonomy refer to \"human genus\", or \"true genus\". There are 17 known species, and modern people are only one of them.",{"id":62,"name":63,"keywords":4,"slug":64,"author":7,"ogImage":65,"isBlog":4,"createDate":66,"updateDate":52,"description":67},"23d76e12c94e41c1859cb32f2488d014","The Evolution of Modern Man","divergence-neanderthals-denisovans-homo-sapiens","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276305930_720_000124_1704330139624.jpg","2023-11-23T15:49:40","770000 to 550000 years ago, the ancestors of modern humans diverged from those of Neanderthals and Denisovans, but there was no complete \"reproductive isolation\" between the three subspecies \". In fact, from a genetic point of view, they are just a \"weaker\" ancestor of modern people tens of thousands of years ago. Every modern person has more or less their genes in his body.",{"id":69,"name":70,"keywords":4,"slug":71,"author":7,"ogImage":72,"isBlog":4,"createDate":73,"updateDate":74,"description":75},"2213d15d70ed4f76aea04bbf54e16b74","Cardabadi Ape","ardipithecus-ramidus-kadabba","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770172192815_000124_1704334390413.jpg","2026-02-25T15:29:17","2026-02-26T19:07:30","The meaning of kadaba is \"the oldest ancestor\", so they are also called \"the ancestor of the ape\", of course, refers to the ancestor of human beings. The ancestral apes can walk upright. Their most famous feature is their teeth. It is speculated that their diet is richer and they have stronger environmental adaptability. This is also one of the starting points for the separation of human ancestors and chimpanzee ancestors.",{"id":77,"name":78,"keywords":4,"slug":79,"author":7,"ogImage":80,"isBlog":4,"createDate":81,"updateDate":82,"description":83},"33d275be28184c63bd888294783b2424","Chadian Shah","sahelanthropus-tchadensis","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770170445594_000124_1709627786938.jpg","2026-02-25T14:31:06","2026-02-26T16:39:01","The Chadian Shah (Tumai), the earliest known hominid species, lived in Africa 7 million years ago. This article describes its discovery, the characteristics of the skull, the evidence of upright walking, and how it rewrites the history of human evolution.",{"id":85,"name":86,"keywords":4,"slug":87,"author":7,"ogImage":88,"isBlog":4,"createDate":89,"updateDate":89,"description":90},"f7684aff24744766b9849f56b04617f2","Longshan Culture","longshan-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1780474978266_longshan-culture8.jpg","2026-06-05T15:10:49","The Longshan Culture is one of the most important archaeological cultures of the Late Neolithic period in China, dating from approximately 4,500 to 4,000 years ago. This article systematically examines the origins and geographical distribution of the Longshan Culture, its black‑ware pottery techniques, social stratification, the emergence of proto‑writing, prehistoric urban sites, and its relationship with the Erlitou Culture of the Xia Dynasty, thereby illuminating a crucial phase in the formation of Chinese civilization.",{"id":92,"name":93,"keywords":4,"slug":94,"author":7,"ogImage":95,"isBlog":4,"createDate":96,"updateDate":96,"description":97},"a5e600c3d725475595abfd581b704176","Hongshan Culture","hongshan-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1780389885606_hongshan-culture62.jpg","2026-06-02T20:46:01","Hongshan Culture is one of the most important late Neolithic archaeological cultures in northern China, renowned for the Niuheliang site, the Goddess Temple, the cairn tombs, and its exquisite jade artifacts. This article provides a systematic overview of the Hongshan Culture, covering its chronological framework, geographical distribution, agricultural practices, jade-crafting traditions, and its pivotal significance for research on the origins of Chinese civilization.",{"id":99,"name":100,"keywords":4,"slug":101,"author":7,"ogImage":102,"isBlog":4,"createDate":103,"updateDate":104,"description":105},"d90a829e9d7e4138af470f7451aa5107","Tutankhamun","tutankhamen","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278680370_720_000176_1762998682805_000176_1710122449266.jpg","2026-03-04T12:42:48","2026-03-04T16:54:16","Tutankhamun is the most famous pharaoh in ancient Egypt. It is not because of his achievements, but because of his unstolen KV62 tomb and gold mask that shocked the world and solved many mysteries of the 18th dynasty of ancient Egypt.",{"id":107,"name":108,"keywords":4,"slug":109,"author":7,"ogImage":110,"isBlog":4,"createDate":111,"updateDate":112,"description":113},"8f6adef1f3eb4d62ad48ffd2897d9ba0","Y chromosome Adam","y-chromosomal-adam","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276518548_720_1763566058169_y-chromosomal-adam.jpg","2026-02-27T00:04:54","2026-03-04T22:24:49","What is Y chromosome Adam? This article explains the paternal inheritance of Y chromosome, molecular clock age, African origin of 120000 year, and the difference between it and mitochondrial Eve.",{"id":115,"name":116,"keywords":4,"slug":117,"author":7,"ogImage":118,"isBlog":4,"createDate":119,"updateDate":119,"description":120},"f77439bc374d47d6a738373cc900017a","The founding of the city of Carthage","establishment-of-carthage","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283657313_720_1765467646917_Dido.jpg","2026-03-08T22:24:07","In the 9th century BC, the Phoenician princess Dido founded Carthage in North Africa. This paper examines how Carthage evolved from a refuge trading post into the most powerful commercial empire in the Mediterranean, explores the context of the conflict between Punic culture and Greek colonists, and analyzes how Carthage came to be Rome’s destined rival.",{"id":122,"name":123,"keywords":4,"slug":124,"author":7,"ogImage":125,"isBlog":4,"createDate":126,"updateDate":126,"description":127},"e95c775480f547f9b889c30cf3d785cc","Tielepin edict","telepinu-proclamation","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278424562_720_1764160453480_Telepinu-Proclamation.jpg","2026-03-05T20:05:04","Infighting within the Hittite royal family was frequent. To address this, Telepinu issued the Telepinu Proclamation, which standardized the succession to the throne and imposed limits on royal authority. Despite its profound historical significance, it failed to put an end to palace assassinations.\n",{"id":129,"name":130,"keywords":4,"slug":131,"author":7,"ogImage":132,"isBlog":4,"createDate":133,"updateDate":134,"description":135},"d61ebb9a9f7c48b9a4a67bcb9edc73d0","Reformation in Ehnaon","akhenaten-aten-god-reform","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278654850_720_000176_1710122409119.jpg","2026-03-04T12:22:41","2026-03-04T16:53:43","Ehnatun (Amenhotep IV) was the most controversial pharaoh in ancient Egypt. He carried out the religious reform, abolished the god of Amun, respected the god of Aton, and moved the capital of Ehtarton. Although the reform failed, it left the earliest bud of monotheism and the statue of Queen Naftiti.",{"id":137,"name":138,"keywords":4,"slug":139,"author":7,"ogImage":140,"isBlog":4,"createDate":141,"updateDate":141,"description":142},"cb709ac6ad83472d9da5c8867b45289d","The end of the Egyptian Empire","downfall-of-egyptian-empire","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283044845_720_1765021735012_Rulers_of_Kush_Kerma_Museum.jpg","2026-03-04T22:40:34","The end of the Egyptian imperial era began with the murder of Ramses III, the harassment of the sea, the dictatorship of the priests, the prevalence of tomb robberies and the workers' strike, which eventually led to the collapse of the new kingdom and the return of ancient Egypt to its former glory.",1780647319446]