[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":142},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-hybridization-between-neanderthals-and-modern-humans-en":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":22},null,"尼安德特人与现代人混血","hybridization-between-neanderthals-and-modern-humans","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276568618_720_1762762802424_hybridization-between-neanderthals-and-modern-humans.jpg","article","2026-02-05T15:29:42","2025-09-27T15:24:43",{"name":13,"h1Title":13,"title":14,"subtitle":4,"keywords":15,"content":16,"overview":4,"description":17,"ogTitle":18,"ogDescription":19,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":20,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":21,"author":7},"Neanderthals mixed with modern humans","Neanderthal–Modern Human Interbreeding | Gene Flow, Ancestral Proportions, and the Causes of Extinction","Neanderthal,Modern,Mixed","## Neanderthals\n\nToday, all human individuals belong to only one particular subspecies, modern humans (late Homo sapiens). Modern people expanded on a large scale outside Africa no earlier than 50000 years ago; although it was very late, it did not take long since then, and modern people have spread almost all over Eurasia. In this process, some modern branches inevitably met with Neanderthals (hereinafter referred to as \"Neanderthals\") scattered in Europe.**Ninese and modern people belong to the same\" Homo sapiens \"branch, and there is no\" reproductive isolation \"between them**.\n\nThe earliest Neoni fossils were found in the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Neander Valley\" lon=\"6.9507\" lat=\"51.2227\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">Neander Valley\u003C/span> (Neander Valley), from which this \"early Homo sapiens\" subspecies is named. A batch of 400000-year-old precious fossils have been found in the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Sima de los Huesos\" lon=\"-3.5\" lat=\"42.35\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">Huther Rift Valley\u003C/span> in northern Spain (Sima de los Huesos), which are earlier than the classic types of the Neese. They have many iconic features of the Neese, but they are not exactly the same. Therefore, the evolutionary path of the Neese can be analyzed.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.26/1760335154031_neanderthaloriginal.png\" alt=\"neanderthal_original\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nImage source: \u003Ca href=\"https://www.donsmaps.com/neanderthaloriginal.html\" target=\"_blank\">donsmaps\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">Fossil of a primitive Neanderthal remains found in the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Neander Valley\" lon=\"6.9507\" lat=\"51.2227\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">Neanderthal Valley\u003C/span>.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.26/1760335278961_neanderthaloriginal32.jpg\" alt=\"尼安德特人遗址地图\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nPhoto by \u003Ca href=\"https://www.donsmaps.com/neanderthaloriginal.html\" target=\"_blank\">Don Hitchcock 2015\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">maps of Neanderthal sites, and the distribution of ancient coastlines.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nMany paleoanthropologists regard the Nees as our cousins, believing that they represent another independent branch that evolved from more ancient humans. We emerged in Africa, they originated in Eurasia and the Middle East, and diverged earlier than we did. The division between the tribes of the Neese and modern humans occurred about 770000 to 550000 years ago; apparently, they have been independent for a longer period of time, about twice as long as our history. So, in some ways, the Nees should be closer to the two most recent common ancient ancestors than modern humans, for example, their brow bones are significantly higher.**The average brain volume of the people of Nepal is slightly larger than that of modern people, but there are significant differences between the structure of the cranial cavity and the way the brain is organized**.\n\nIn the era of Nepal, Europe was very cold. As an adaptive response, they also had a stout figure, short limbs and huge nose, which are typical characteristics of human evolution in cold regions for a long time. Therefore, in addition to the eyebrow bones, there should still be a big difference between Ninese and modern people in other external characteristics. On the whole, it should not be smaller than the difference between different groups. Therefore, if we see Nepal people in the supermarket, we should recognize them immediately. Is there any linguistic difference between the two, except for their appearance? I'm afraid it will never be confirmed, because we will never hear their voices again. Some scholars speculate that the Nepal may not have mastered complex grammar skills. If this is true, then it is clear that they cannot compete with modern people at all.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.26/1760335388964_Levallois2.jpg\" alt=\"Levallois\" width=\"60%\"/>\n\u003Cspan>\nPhoto by \u003Ca href=\"https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/573093\" target=\"_blank\">MET museum\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">Neanderthals and modern humans, both used a technique known as Levallois to make stone tools, which required considerable cognitive skill and physical dexterity. Who is the teacher and who is the student? Or inherited from more ancient ancestors? In any case, this proves that there is a very close evolutionary relationship between them.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.26/1760335474915_neanderthaloriginal42.jpg\" alt=\"尼安德特人复原图\" width=\"60%\"/>\n\u003Cspan>\nPhoto by \u003Ca href=\"https://www.donsmaps.com/neanderthaloriginal.html\" target=\"_blank\">Don Hitchcock\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">a recovered image of the Neanderthal.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n## Mix and die, species die, but genes last forever\n\nWhether it is directly related to the expansion of modern humans, Neanderthals suffered an ethnic tragedy not long ago. About 120000 years ago, as modern humans spread out of Africa, the two regions of activity overlapped, first in the Middle East about 100000 years ago, then in Western Asia, and finally in Europe. Modern humans entered Europe about 45000 years ago, and within a few thousand years, Neanderthals essentially disappeared from the fossil record about 40000 years ago. The coincidence in time has also led to various speculations. A natural guess is that modern humans caused the extinction of Neanderthals, perhaps through ecological substitution or competition.\n\nThrough the analysis of fecal fossils, it can be seen that the people of Nepal mainly eat meat, mixed with a small amount of vegetables; through their bone fossils, the brain capacity of the people of Nepal is larger, but the structure is not as good as that of modern people, perhaps this is also one of the reasons why they are in a weak position in the competition. However, the whole genome sequencing of Neanderthals has been completed, and some studies have shown that there was a serious reduction in genetic diversity among the Neanderthals in Western Europe long before the arrival of modern humans, coinciding with a period of extreme cold. Therefore, the cause of the extinction of the Nepal people may not be simple. The reduction of food and the lack of coping ability may have serious consequences.\n\nHistorically, there have been many overlaps between the habitats of modern people and the people of Nepal, so if the kinship is close, then breeding common offspring should be a high probability event, and in fact it is. Although the early human groups were not as crowded as they are today, and the geographical environment and the restriction and separation of glaciers also led to the differentiation of different groups, it is not easy to really form different \"species.\n\nDNA analysis shows that the latest hybridization between modern humans and Neanderthals occurred between 54000 and 49000 years ago, and the location was in the Near East. And it still affects everyone more than 50000 years later.\n\nToday, the average modern European contains 1.2 percent Neanderthal DNA, while modern Asians have about 1.4 percent. Previously, scholars had thought that indigenous Africans should not contain any Neanderthal genes because mixing occurs outside of Africa; however, in February 2020, a team of \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Princeton University\" lon=\"-74.6593\" lat=\"40.3487\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"8\">Princeton University\u003C/span> researchers found through a new genetic analysis that Africans also generally carry Neanderthal genes: the descendants of modern humans and Nees not only migrated to distant regions outside Africa, but also brought Neanderthal genes back to the original origin of mankind.\n\nTherefore, from a genetic point of view, \"Neanderthals\" did not become extinct. They are just a \"weaker\" ancestor of modern people tens of thousands of years ago. Although there are not many Neanderthal genes carried by each person, because the gene regions do not completely overlap, * * if added up, modern humans probably carry up to 40% of the total Neanderthal genome * *, which are scattered among different modern individuals.\n\nSo, just like culture, we can hardly use the word \"extinct\" to describe human beings. This is good news, isn't it?\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.26/1760335621172_Where-are-we-come-from2.jpg\" alt=\"Where-are-we-come-from\" width=\"80%\"/>\n\u003Cspan>\nSource: \"The Story of Human Origin: Who We Are and Where We Come From\" by David Reich; Ye Kaixiong and Hu Zhengfei [translated]; Zhejiang People's Publishing House 2019-06\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">proportions of present-day humans in different regions carry Neanderthal ancestry. Note that all black means 2 percent, not 100 percent.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.26/1760335712243_Geschlechtschromosom_vom_modernen_Menschen2.jpg\" alt=\"Geschlechtschromosom_vom_modernen_Menschen\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nSource:<a href = \"https://www.biologie-seite.de/News/Neandertaler_haben_männliches_Geschlechtschromosom_vom_modernen_Menschen_übernommen.html\n\"target=\"_blank\">biologie-seite.de \u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">an exhibit in the Neanderthal Museum in Germany, imagining the scene of this group of ancient humans to the present day. Obviously, from the outside, they seem to be very different from us. Is this difference greater than the difference between indigenous Africans and East Asians? If only from the perspective of morphology, this is probably an unanswered question.\n\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n## References\n\n\n\n《祖先的故事》[英]理查德·道金斯 [英]黄可仁；许师明[译] 郭运波[译]；中信出版集团出版 2019-07\n\n《人类起源和迁徙之谜》李辉 金雯俐；上海科技教育出版社 2020-12\n\n《智人之路：基因新证重写六十万年人类史》[德]翰内斯·克劳泽 [德]托马斯·特拉佩著；王坤[译]；现代出版社 2021-04\n\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/who-were-the-neanderthals\" target=\"_blank\">Who were the Neanderthals—and why did they go extinct?\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/who-were-the-neanderthals.html\" target=\"_blank\">Who were the Neanderthals?\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n  ","Are modern people mixed with Neanderthals? How many Neanderthals genes do Europeans, Asians and Africans each contain? This article understands the history of gene exchange and evolution between humans and Neanderthals.\n","Ancient hybrid history of modern humans: we all have 50000-year-old Neanderthal genes in us","Neanderthals were not completely extinct, and their genes are scattered throughout billions of people today. This article is popular to explain the time, proportion and evolutionary significance of mixed blood.","en",0.7,[23,31,38,45,53,61,69,76,83,90,97,105,113,120,127,134],{"id":24,"name":25,"keywords":4,"slug":26,"author":7,"ogImage":27,"isBlog":4,"createDate":28,"updateDate":29,"description":30},"23d76e12c94e41c1859cb32f2488d014","The Evolution of Modern Man","divergence-neanderthals-denisovans-homo-sapiens","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276305930_720_000124_1704330139624.jpg","2023-11-23T15:49:40","2026-03-12T10:23:51","770000 to 550000 years ago, the ancestors of modern humans diverged from those of Neanderthals and Denisovans, but there was no complete \"reproductive isolation\" between the three subspecies \". In fact, from a genetic point of view, they are just a \"weaker\" ancestor of modern people tens of thousands of years ago. Every modern person has more or less their genes in his body.",{"id":32,"name":33,"keywords":4,"slug":34,"author":7,"ogImage":35,"isBlog":4,"createDate":36,"updateDate":29,"description":37},"02dc8cb3fb8a4f41a87671463267f5e8","Denisovans mixed with modern people","hybridization-between-denisovans-and-modern-humans","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276654946_720_000124_1704329927656.jpg","2023-11-24T14:20:52","Denisovans are an ancient human species discovered through DNA analysis. They coexisted with Neanderthals and modern humans and interbred with both. This paper provides a detailed analysis of gene flow, the EPAS1 gene on the Tibetan Plateau, the Xiahe mandible, and the distribution of ancestral components across global populations.\n",{"id":39,"name":40,"keywords":4,"slug":41,"author":7,"ogImage":42,"isBlog":4,"createDate":43,"updateDate":29,"description":44},"78c2c5b3365e4a22a305d08771815f1c","Genus","homo","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770175703118_1764295418266_Homo_ergaster_American_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg","2024-01-04T09:47:05","\"Human\" is only a term in the traditional sense, and from a genealogical point of view, it is very imprecise. In a narrow sense, human beings refer to all the people who have existed in history so far. However, human beings in biological taxonomy refer to \"human genus\", or \"true genus\". There are 17 known species, and modern people are only one of them.",{"id":46,"name":47,"keywords":4,"slug":48,"author":7,"ogImage":49,"isBlog":4,"createDate":50,"updateDate":51,"description":52},"650fb920a825478aba09b4410abf55ab","Recent common ancestor based on chromosomes 1-22","most-recent-common-ancestor-chromosome","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276375616_720_1761526548499_Chromosomal-fragment-recombination.jpg","2026-02-26T22:20:53","2026-02-26T22:21:27","Interpreting the recent common ancestor of human autosomes 1-22 from a genomic perspective, explaining DNA recombination, mutation and ancestral fragment inheritance, and popularizing the common ancestor time in the sense of human genetics.",{"id":54,"name":55,"keywords":4,"slug":56,"author":7,"ogImage":57,"isBlog":4,"createDate":58,"updateDate":59,"description":60},"15e0df576bbc43d88d2498755e8f8c87","Late Paleolithic Revolution","upper-paleolithic-revolution","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276687125_720_1760335975390_Palm2.jpg","2026-02-25T20:16:43","2026-02-28T16:28:26","About 50000 years ago, our race experienced something very special: just as Athena in Greek mythology injected soul into mankind, mankind suddenly possessed unprecedented figurative artistic creativity. This event, known as the \"Late Paleolithic Revolution\", is a watershed in the history of human evolution.",{"id":62,"name":63,"keywords":4,"slug":64,"author":7,"ogImage":65,"isBlog":4,"createDate":66,"updateDate":67,"description":68},"37fb4d2375284b3a9b4176a9419a9ced","Orina Culture","aurignacian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276727955_720_1760411643106_rhinos-chauvet-cave.jpg","2026-02-27T11:05:34","2026-03-04T22:19:11","What is Aorina culture? Age, distribution, tools, murals and sculptures (Chauvius Caves, Lions, Hochler Fellows Venus).",{"id":70,"name":71,"keywords":4,"slug":72,"author":7,"ogImage":73,"isBlog":4,"createDate":74,"updateDate":74,"description":75},"3e4128c6ce5045ea9a7832a51bc328a2","Mousterian culture","mousterian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779776644371_mousterian52.jpg","2026-05-26T16:50:41","The Moster culture (Mousterian) was one of the most important stone industries of the Middle Paleolithic, closely related to Neanderthals. This article provides a systematic overview of the origins of the Mousterian culture, Levallois technology, tool assemblage characteristics, major archaeological sites, and its pivotal role in the history of human evolution.",{"id":77,"name":78,"keywords":4,"slug":79,"author":7,"ogImage":80,"isBlog":4,"createDate":81,"updateDate":81,"description":82},"50a46bc8b7d14f758e786476d8dc5b91","Chartres-Péronne culture","chatelperronian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1778835524454_chatelperron32.jpg","2026-05-15T16:43:38","Exploring the Châtelperronian culture of the Upper Paleolithic. As the final cultural testament to the Neanderthals, it illuminates the enigmatic history of two human species—Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans—whose paths converged, competed, and ultimately交融ed in Europe, as evidenced by the points and bone tools from the Fairy Cave site.",{"id":84,"name":85,"keywords":4,"slug":86,"author":7,"ogImage":87,"isBlog":4,"createDate":88,"updateDate":88,"description":89},"cb82ee0915fa4a8b8b6db69cb750d76e","The MRCA of modern humans","most-recent-common-ancestor-of-modern-humans","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276783618_720_1761530294216_The-origin-of-humans32.jpg","2026-02-27T19:08:16","What is the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of modern humans? How is it different from Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam? This article uses popular logic to explain the mystery of the common ancestor of all mankind.",{"id":91,"name":92,"keywords":4,"slug":93,"author":7,"ogImage":94,"isBlog":4,"createDate":95,"updateDate":29,"description":96},"dc3c57ca41ee45f8858842605c3045e6","The Hobbit Extinction","extinction-of-hobbits","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276601930_720_1761974884022_Homo_floresiensis_cave.jpg","2023-11-23T16:27:59","Who were the Flores (Hobbits)? Why were they short? When did they become extinct? This article describes the fossils, evolution and extinction of this mysterious dwarf human.\n",{"id":98,"name":99,"keywords":4,"slug":100,"author":7,"ogImage":101,"isBlog":4,"createDate":102,"updateDate":103,"description":104},"f04ff6cc20b3488dacfcbe9207617d3a","The earliest modern humans outside Africa","earliest-modern-humans-outside-africa","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276488308_720_1760335068948_Misliya.jpg","2026-02-26T23:51:57","2026-03-04T22:28:04","Where are the earliest modern fossils outside Africa and how many years ago? This article introduces key sites such as Kafze and Misria, and combs the real timeline of modern people coming out of Africa.\n",{"id":106,"name":107,"keywords":4,"slug":108,"author":7,"ogImage":109,"isBlog":4,"createDate":110,"updateDate":111,"description":112},"f94253e20113427385837238315d21c8","Modern man in the sense of anatomy","anatomically-modern-humans","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276414249_720_1762690305711_Anatomically-modern-humans.jpg","2026-02-26T22:41:52","2026-02-26T22:43:27","What is modern man in the sense of anatomy? This paper systematically introduces the origin and characteristics of late Homo sapiens from the definition, key fossils (Jebel Iro, Omo, Herto), age and evolutionary diffusion.\n",{"id":114,"name":115,"keywords":4,"slug":116,"author":7,"ogImage":117,"isBlog":4,"createDate":118,"updateDate":118,"description":119},"f7684aff24744766b9849f56b04617f2","Longshan Culture","longshan-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1780474978266_longshan-culture8.jpg","2026-06-05T15:10:49","The Longshan Culture is one of the most important archaeological cultures of the Late Neolithic period in China, dating from approximately 4,500 to 4,000 years ago. This article systematically examines the origins and geographical distribution of the Longshan Culture, its black‑ware pottery techniques, social stratification, the emergence of proto‑writing, prehistoric urban sites, and its relationship with the Erlitou Culture of the Xia Dynasty, thereby illuminating a crucial phase in the formation of Chinese civilization.",{"id":121,"name":122,"keywords":4,"slug":123,"author":7,"ogImage":124,"isBlog":4,"createDate":125,"updateDate":125,"description":126},"a5e600c3d725475595abfd581b704176","Hongshan Culture","hongshan-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1780389885606_hongshan-culture62.jpg","2026-06-02T20:46:01","Hongshan Culture is one of the most important late Neolithic archaeological cultures in northern China, renowned for the Niuheliang site, the Goddess Temple, the cairn tombs, and its exquisite jade artifacts. This article provides a systematic overview of the Hongshan Culture, covering its chronological framework, geographical distribution, agricultural practices, jade-crafting traditions, and its pivotal significance for research on the origins of Chinese civilization.",{"id":128,"name":129,"keywords":4,"slug":130,"author":7,"ogImage":131,"isBlog":4,"createDate":132,"updateDate":29,"description":133},"47281d4cfe6e440e97e2ca10729e61f6","Homo erectus","homo-eractus","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770175824343_000124_1709605257579.jpg","2023-11-23T15:48:07","Homo erectus, which existed about 1.8 million to 200000 years ago, is a critical and successful species in the history of human evolution. Their body proportions are close to those of modern people. They can systematically use fire and make complex tools. They not only created the Acheri culture, but also made human beings walk out of Africa for the first time, which can be called a milestone in the evolution of the human genus.",{"id":135,"name":136,"keywords":4,"slug":137,"author":7,"ogImage":138,"isBlog":4,"createDate":139,"updateDate":140,"description":141},"d90a829e9d7e4138af470f7451aa5107","Tutankhamun","tutankhamen","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278680370_720_000176_1762998682805_000176_1710122449266.jpg","2026-03-04T12:42:48","2026-03-04T16:54:16","Tutankhamun is the most famous pharaoh in ancient Egypt. It is not because of his achievements, but because of his unstolen KV62 tomb and gold mask that shocked the world and solved many mysteries of the 18th dynasty of ancient Egypt.",1780647327380]