[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":145},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-hybridization-between-denisovans-and-modern-humans-en":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"丹人与现代人混血","hybridization-between-denisovans-and-modern-humans","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276654946_720_000124_1704329927656.jpg","article","2026-06-05T11:17:29","2023-11-24T14:20:52",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"Denisovans mixed with modern people","Denisovans mixed with modern humans","Denisovans and Modern Man Mixed | Ancient Human Gene Exchange, EPAS1 Gene and Human Evolution","Denisovans,Modern,Mixed","## Denisovans (Denisovans)\n\nThe Denisovans (Denisovans) were the first human species to be identified only by genes rather than fossils. Although classified as a genus Homo, it has not been specifically classified due to the lack of a physical description. They are named after the Denisovan cave in Russia, where fossils of the Denisovan were first found.\n\nIn fact, the original discovery was just a fragment of a phalanx. In 2008, Russian archaeologists dug up the bone in Denisova Cave (Denisova Cave, named after Denis, a Russian hermit who lived there in the 18th century) in the Altai Mountains of southern Siberia. But it was later discovered that this phalanx fossil from 40000 years ago preserved complete DNA information, and later succeeded in reversing people's instant view.\n\nIn 2009, Johannes Krause (Johannes Krause) and Fu Qiaomei (Qiaomei Fu, Chinese paleoanthropologist) tried to extract DNA from this 40000-year-old half phalanx. The first to be sequenced was mitochondrial DNA, which was found to be different from the DNA sequences of more than 10,000 modern humans and from the seven known Neanderthals at the time. Judging from the rate of mutation accumulation, the separation time of this population is roughly 1 million to 800000 years ago. As a result, an even older branch, Denisovans, has been added to the genetic family map of Homo sapiens. Later, scientists revealed even more surprising new information: Many modern humans have both Neanderthal and Denisovan DNA.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/s00016/000124_1704329877483.jpg\" alt=\"Denisovans\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nSource: The Australian Museum\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">Fragments of Denisovan finger bone, originally found in Denisova Cave in 2008.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nEven more surprising results come from a comparison between the Denisovans and modern humans. Modern humans in Europe and Asia have inherited some of the Neanderthal genes, but most modern humans have hardly any of the Denisovan genes. The modern people who inherit the most Denisovan genes are Australian aborigines, New Guineans and Filipinos, carrying as much as 8% of the genome; Polynesians and West Indies carry slightly less. In addition, today's Tibetans have also inherited a gene number EPAS1 from the Denisovans, allowing them to better adapt to the low-oxygen environment in the mountains.\n\nAccording to speculation, Denisovans were once widely distributed in Siberia and Oceania. Perhaps they have traveled such a trajectory: more than 300,000 years ago, the Denisovans split into independent species; 280000 years ago, they migrated to Eastern Siberia. After 80000 years of struggle for survival, they replaced the native Beijing Homo erectus and became the human settlers in Northeast China. After that, they migrated repeatedly in Asia and once lived in Tibet and Northwest China. In the process, their footprints even appeared in Southeast Asia and Oceania, as well as the more distant coastal areas of North America and the Caribbean, they probably reached America through the Bering Strait. During this long time, they mingled with Neanderthals and modern humans, and left genetic evidence in the blood of modern humans. Later, their group went to the end. 20000-30000 years ago, the last Denisovans disappeared in the vast Siberian ice sheet.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/s00016/000124_1704329927656.png\" alt=\"Denisovans\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nPhoto by Baidu\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">After analyzing the DNA of Denisovans for methylation studies, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem has reconstructed the Denisovan face. This image is based on DNA reconstruction from the skeleton of a Denisovan girl who lived in present-day Siberia about 50000 years ago. This reconstruction technique is relatively reliable, because the scientists also used the same technique on Neanderthals and chimpanzees, two species with known anatomy, and the reconstruction accuracy reached 85%. The relevant technology was selected by Science magazine as the second of the top ten scientific research breakthroughs in the 2019. So what you're seeing now is not an artistic image, but a real image of a Denisovan from tens of thousands of years ago.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nThe original fossil Denisovan finger bone has been completely shattered to extract DNA. Existing (2023), the total tangible evidence for Denisovans is only two teeth. However, with the interpretation and study of DNA with modern technology, we can still recreate the experience and key events of prehistoric human populations in time and space, including their migration, division, reunion, and population bottlenecks and expansion.\n\nIn August 2018, a report published in the journal Nature provided us with a very interesting discovery: paleoanthropologists succeeded in finding the fossil of a 13-year-old girl in a cave in the Altay region of Siberia. According to paleo-genome sequencing, her mother is Neanderthal, while her father is Denisovan. She inherited a complete set of chromosomes from each of her parents, which means that this girl is the first generation of hybrids produced by Neanderthals and Denisovans after mating.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/s00016/000124_1709604268822.png\" alt=\"Altay\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nImage source: \u003Ca href=\"https://www.archaeology.org/issues/323-1901/features/7206-russia-neanderthal-denisovan-hybrid\" target=\"_blank\">Archaeology\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">Found in the Altai cave in Siberia, about 90000 years ago, a young girl's fossil bone fragments, she died at the age of 13. Multiple sequencing of the whole genome confirmed that she is the offspring of a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nThese clues undoubtedly prove that in the late Pleistocene, about 30000-100000 years ago, there must have been (at least) three species on Eurasia at the same time: Neanderthals, Denisovans, and late Homo sapiens (modern man), and the interaction and mating between the three were quite frequent. However, the latest research also shows that the reproductive isolation between these three races was in a state of expansion at the time, and the fertility of mixed offspring will be relatively poor, especially men. As a result, these different species are likely to evolve into different species, as long as there is enough time for each other to complete the differentiation.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/s00016/000124_1709604336115.png\" alt=\"Image Missing\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nSource: \u003Ca href=\"https://news.lzu.edu.cn/c/201906/57769.html\" target=\"_blank\">Lanzhou University News Network\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">Fossils unearthed by the Denisovans in are very rare, and all of the original discoveries were in the Denisovan Cave in Altai. In 2019, the British journal Nature published an important research report, announcing the fossils of half of the Denisovan jaw and two molars found in Rehe County, Gansu Province. The above picture is based on MicroCT scan data. The reconstructed Xiahe Denisovan mandible model. The report was completed by the environmental archaeology team of Lanzhou University led by Academician Chen Fa Hu and several Western experts. The results show that this race was once widely distributed, from Siberia, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, to Southeast Asia and Oceania. After dating, the age of the Xiahe fossil is about 160000 years ago, and the earliest modern people arrived on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau about 40000 years ago. Therefore, the Denisovans have a longer time to adapt to the low oxygen environment at high altitude. And passed the mutant gene EPAS1 to later modern people.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/s00016/000124_1709604383456.png\" alt=\"Image Missing\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nSource: The Story of Human Origins\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">proportions of present-day humans from different regions carry a Denisovan lineage. Note that all black means 5 percent, not 100 percent.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n","Denisovans are an ancient human species discovered through DNA analysis. They coexisted with Neanderthals and modern humans and interbred with both. This paper provides a detailed analysis of gene flow, the EPAS1 gene on the Tibetan Plateau, the Xiahe mandible, and the distribution of ancestral components across global populations.\n","Denisovans mixed with modern humans: the discovery of ancient DNA that rewrites human origins","Denisovans were the first prehistoric humans identified by DNA alone, living with Neanderthals and modern humans and mixing many times. Tibetan plateau adaptation gene EPAS1 from them. This article takes you to understand the ancient blood in East Asia, Southeast Asia and Oceania.","en",0.7,[24,32,39,46,54,62,70,78,85,92,100,108,115,122,129,137],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":30,"description":31},"23d76e12c94e41c1859cb32f2488d014","The Evolution of Modern Man","divergence-neanderthals-denisovans-homo-sapiens","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276305930_720_000124_1704330139624.jpg","2023-11-23T15:49:40","2026-03-12T10:23:51","770000 to 550000 years ago, the ancestors of modern humans diverged from those of Neanderthals and Denisovans, but there was no complete \"reproductive isolation\" between the three subspecies \". In fact, from a genetic point of view, they are just a \"weaker\" ancestor of modern people tens of thousands of years ago. Every modern person has more or less their genes in his body.",{"id":33,"name":34,"keywords":4,"slug":35,"author":7,"ogImage":36,"isBlog":4,"createDate":37,"updateDate":37,"description":38},"39e78b8f996c4a5e9db08680a5679edb","Neanderthals mixed with modern humans","hybridization-between-neanderthals-and-modern-humans","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276568618_720_1762762802424_hybridization-between-neanderthals-and-modern-humans.jpg","2026-02-27T10:39:43","Are modern people mixed with Neanderthals? How many Neanderthals genes do Europeans, Asians and Africans each contain? This article understands the history of gene exchange and evolution between humans and Neanderthals.\n",{"id":40,"name":41,"keywords":4,"slug":42,"author":7,"ogImage":43,"isBlog":4,"createDate":44,"updateDate":30,"description":45},"78c2c5b3365e4a22a305d08771815f1c","Genus","homo","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770175703118_1764295418266_Homo_ergaster_American_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg","2024-01-04T09:47:05","\"Human\" is only a term in the traditional sense, and from a genealogical point of view, it is very imprecise. In a narrow sense, human beings refer to all the people who have existed in history so far. However, human beings in biological taxonomy refer to \"human genus\", or \"true genus\". There are 17 known species, and modern people are only one of them.",{"id":47,"name":48,"keywords":4,"slug":49,"author":7,"ogImage":50,"isBlog":4,"createDate":51,"updateDate":52,"description":53},"650fb920a825478aba09b4410abf55ab","Recent common ancestor based on chromosomes 1-22","most-recent-common-ancestor-chromosome","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276375616_720_1761526548499_Chromosomal-fragment-recombination.jpg","2026-02-26T22:20:53","2026-02-26T22:21:27","Interpreting the recent common ancestor of human autosomes 1-22 from a genomic perspective, explaining DNA recombination, mutation and ancestral fragment inheritance, and popularizing the common ancestor time in the sense of human genetics.",{"id":55,"name":56,"keywords":4,"slug":57,"author":7,"ogImage":58,"isBlog":4,"createDate":59,"updateDate":60,"description":61},"15e0df576bbc43d88d2498755e8f8c87","Late Paleolithic Revolution","upper-paleolithic-revolution","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276687125_720_1760335975390_Palm2.jpg","2026-02-25T20:16:43","2026-02-28T16:28:26","About 50000 years ago, our race experienced something very special: just as Athena in Greek mythology injected soul into mankind, mankind suddenly possessed unprecedented figurative artistic creativity. This event, known as the \"Late Paleolithic Revolution\", is a watershed in the history of human evolution.",{"id":63,"name":64,"keywords":4,"slug":65,"author":7,"ogImage":66,"isBlog":4,"createDate":67,"updateDate":68,"description":69},"37fb4d2375284b3a9b4176a9419a9ced","Orina Culture","aurignacian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276727955_720_1760411643106_rhinos-chauvet-cave.jpg","2026-02-27T11:05:34","2026-03-04T22:19:11","What is Aorina culture? Age, distribution, tools, murals and sculptures (Chauvius Caves, Lions, Hochler Fellows Venus).",{"id":71,"name":72,"keywords":4,"slug":73,"author":7,"ogImage":74,"isBlog":4,"createDate":75,"updateDate":76,"description":77},"942d002ff3b9424fbda0bd4ca9bce6e6","Denisovan Extinction","extinction-of-denisovans","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773021375116_Denisovans_extinct.jpg","2026-02-27T17:08:14","2026-03-04T22:26:07","Why did the Denisovans become extinct? Reveal the survival trajectory of this mysterious ancient human group, analyze the core causes of extinction such as the Last Ice Age and Homo sapiens competition, and take you to understand the invisible walker in the history of human evolution.",{"id":79,"name":80,"keywords":4,"slug":81,"author":7,"ogImage":82,"isBlog":4,"createDate":83,"updateDate":83,"description":84},"cb82ee0915fa4a8b8b6db69cb750d76e","The MRCA of modern humans","most-recent-common-ancestor-of-modern-humans","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276783618_720_1761530294216_The-origin-of-humans32.jpg","2026-02-27T19:08:16","What is the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of modern humans? How is it different from Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam? This article uses popular logic to explain the mystery of the common ancestor of all mankind.",{"id":86,"name":87,"keywords":4,"slug":88,"author":7,"ogImage":89,"isBlog":4,"createDate":90,"updateDate":30,"description":91},"dc3c57ca41ee45f8858842605c3045e6","The Hobbit Extinction","extinction-of-hobbits","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276601930_720_1761974884022_Homo_floresiensis_cave.jpg","2023-11-23T16:27:59","Who were the Flores (Hobbits)? Why were they short? When did they become extinct? This article describes the fossils, evolution and extinction of this mysterious dwarf human.\n",{"id":93,"name":94,"keywords":4,"slug":95,"author":7,"ogImage":96,"isBlog":4,"createDate":97,"updateDate":98,"description":99},"f04ff6cc20b3488dacfcbe9207617d3a","The earliest modern humans outside Africa","earliest-modern-humans-outside-africa","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276488308_720_1760335068948_Misliya.jpg","2026-02-26T23:51:57","2026-03-04T22:28:04","Where are the earliest modern fossils outside Africa and how many years ago? This article introduces key sites such as Kafze and Misria, and combs the real timeline of modern people coming out of Africa.\n",{"id":101,"name":102,"keywords":4,"slug":103,"author":7,"ogImage":104,"isBlog":4,"createDate":105,"updateDate":106,"description":107},"f94253e20113427385837238315d21c8","Modern man in the sense of anatomy","anatomically-modern-humans","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276414249_720_1762690305711_Anatomically-modern-humans.jpg","2026-02-26T22:41:52","2026-02-26T22:43:27","What is modern man in the sense of anatomy? This paper systematically introduces the origin and characteristics of late Homo sapiens from the definition, key fossils (Jebel Iro, Omo, Herto), age and evolutionary diffusion.\n",{"id":109,"name":110,"keywords":4,"slug":111,"author":7,"ogImage":112,"isBlog":4,"createDate":113,"updateDate":113,"description":114},"f7684aff24744766b9849f56b04617f2","Longshan Culture","longshan-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1780474978266_longshan-culture8.jpg","2026-06-05T15:10:49","The Longshan Culture is one of the most important archaeological cultures of the Late Neolithic period in China, dating from approximately 4,500 to 4,000 years ago. This article systematically examines the origins and geographical distribution of the Longshan Culture, its black‑ware pottery techniques, social stratification, the emergence of proto‑writing, prehistoric urban sites, and its relationship with the Erlitou Culture of the Xia Dynasty, thereby illuminating a crucial phase in the formation of Chinese civilization.",{"id":116,"name":117,"keywords":4,"slug":118,"author":7,"ogImage":119,"isBlog":4,"createDate":120,"updateDate":120,"description":121},"a5e600c3d725475595abfd581b704176","Hongshan Culture","hongshan-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1780389885606_hongshan-culture62.jpg","2026-06-02T20:46:01","Hongshan Culture is one of the most important late Neolithic archaeological cultures in northern China, renowned for the Niuheliang site, the Goddess Temple, the cairn tombs, and its exquisite jade artifacts. This article provides a systematic overview of the Hongshan Culture, covering its chronological framework, geographical distribution, agricultural practices, jade-crafting traditions, and its pivotal significance for research on the origins of Chinese civilization.",{"id":123,"name":124,"keywords":4,"slug":125,"author":7,"ogImage":126,"isBlog":4,"createDate":127,"updateDate":30,"description":128},"47281d4cfe6e440e97e2ca10729e61f6","Homo erectus","homo-eractus","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770175824343_000124_1709605257579.jpg","2023-11-23T15:48:07","Homo erectus, which existed about 1.8 million to 200000 years ago, is a critical and successful species in the history of human evolution. Their body proportions are close to those of modern people. They can systematically use fire and make complex tools. They not only created the Acheri culture, but also made human beings walk out of Africa for the first time, which can be called a milestone in the evolution of the human genus.",{"id":130,"name":131,"keywords":4,"slug":132,"author":7,"ogImage":133,"isBlog":4,"createDate":134,"updateDate":135,"description":136},"d90a829e9d7e4138af470f7451aa5107","Tutankhamun","tutankhamen","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278680370_720_000176_1762998682805_000176_1710122449266.jpg","2026-03-04T12:42:48","2026-03-04T16:54:16","Tutankhamun is the most famous pharaoh in ancient Egypt. It is not because of his achievements, but because of his unstolen KV62 tomb and gold mask that shocked the world and solved many mysteries of the 18th dynasty of ancient Egypt.",{"id":138,"name":139,"keywords":4,"slug":140,"author":7,"ogImage":141,"isBlog":4,"createDate":142,"updateDate":143,"description":144},"8f6adef1f3eb4d62ad48ffd2897d9ba0","Y chromosome Adam","y-chromosomal-adam","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276518548_720_1763566058169_y-chromosomal-adam.jpg","2026-02-27T00:04:54","2026-03-04T22:24:49","What is Y chromosome Adam? This article explains the paternal inheritance of Y chromosome, molecular clock age, African origin of 120000 year, and the difference between it and mitochondrial Eve.",1780647323540]