[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":144},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-human-origin-en":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"人类的诞生","human-origin","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770170182584_1760324824811_the-origin-of-our-species2.jpg","article","2026-02-04T09:56:37","2025-09-27T12:07:01",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"The Birth of Mankind","7 million years: The origin and evolutionary history of humankind","The Birth and Evolution of Mankind | Evolution and the Revolution of Human Cognition","OriginofSpecies,BirthofMan,Darwin,ChadianShah,OriginofMan","## The Revolution of the History of Thought and the Leap of Human Cognition\n\nFor a long time, human beings have regarded themselves as extremely \"advanced\" and different. They are special beings created by \"gods\" according to their own image or preferences. Obviously, they should be separated from the animal kingdom and strictly distinguished from other creatures.\n\nHowever, with the progress of science and the in-depth observation of nature, the defects of \"divine creation concept\" gradually appear. In particular, the development of geology proves that the history of the earth is longer than that recorded in the Bible, while the study of biological taxonomy reveals the similarities between different species. These discoveries set the conditions for the birth of a new view of life.\n\nThe most important ideological change to subvert \"creationism\" began in 1859, when Darwin published the book \"The Origin of Species\", which formally proposed the theory of biological evolution. Darwin believed that living things were not created by God, but evolved gradually through natural selection. The central idea of this theory is that all organisms share a common ancestor and that species diversity is the result of natural selection and adaptation to the environment. In 1871, Darwin went further in his book The Origin of Man and Sexual Selection, applying the theory of evolution to humans, proposing that humans evolved from apes. These views directly challenge the concept of human beings as special creations and have caused great controversy.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.26/1760322088316_Darwin2.jpg\" alt=\"Charles_Robert_Darwin\" width=\"90%\"/>\n\u003Cspan>\nImage source: \u003Ca href=\"https://www.geohistoarteducativa.net/archivos/historia/revolucionindustrial/Revolucionindustrial/revolucionindustrial/expansionismo_colonial.html\" target=\"_blank\">Expansionismo colonial\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">Charles Robert Darwin (Charles 12 February 1809-19 April 1882) was a British biologist and founder of the theory of evolution. He has experienced a 5-year voyage around the world, and has made a lot of observations and collections on animals, plants and geological structures. Published \"Origin of Species\", put forward the theory of biological evolution, thus destroying all kinds of idealistic theology and species invariance theory. In addition to biology, his theory has an impact on the development of anthropology, psychology and philosophy that cannot be ignored.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.26/1760323269518_Social_responses_to_the_idea_of_evolution2.jpg\" alt=\"Social_responses_to_the_idea_of_evolution\" width=\"60%\"/>\n\u003Cspan>\nPhoto by \u003Ca href=\"https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social responses_to_the_idea_of_evolution\" target=\"_blank\">Social responses to the idea of evolution\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">Darwin's theory of evolution is one of the milestones in the history of human thought, subverting people's perception of the world. But it is clear that evolutionary biology is opposed far more than any other group or organization, and conservative forces hate him with a passion. At that time, a British magazine portrayed Charles Darwin as an ape, and did everything he could to vilify him. But these people could not stop the leap of human thought, and their clowning exposed their ignorance and inaction.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.26/1760323531322_Ape_skeletons2.jpeg\" alt=\"Ape_skeletons\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nPhoto by \u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ape_skeletons.png\" target=\"_blank\">Ape skeletons\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">different descendants of the same \"common ancestor.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nDarwin's theory completely overturned people's traditional understanding of the origin of life, so it is not surprising that it was widely criticized as soon as it came out. The theory of evolution was finally accepted by the scientific community and the public. It was a long journey that lasted decades and integrated the accumulation of scientific evidence, ideological change and social and cultural collision. Although it has faced layers of resistance, the core idea of evolution has gradually won the favor of the scientific community because of its strong explanatory power.\n\nA series of key findings provide solid evidence for evolution:\n\n-Fossil record: Paleontologists have found more and more fossils of transitional forms, such as Archaeopteryx (between dinosaurs and birds), and evolutionary sequences from land mammals to cetaceans, clearly showing the trajectory of species over time.\n\n-Comparative anatomy: Homologous structures between different organisms (e. g., human arms, bat wings, and whale fins have similar skeletal arrangements) indicate that they originate from a common ancestor.\n\n\n-Embryonic development: The high similarity of early vertebrate embryos suggests a common evolutionary starting point.\n\n\n-Biogeography: Darwin's observation of differences in bird beak shape in the Galapagos Islands, closely related to the island environment, became a classic example of natural selection.\n\nMore and more evidence has led people to realize that the concept of species immutability can no longer explain the phenomena of nature. By the end of the 19th century, the fact of \"species evolution\" had become the consensus of most scientists. Humans are just a member of the animal family.\n\nWith the development of \"molecular biology\", \"molecular anthropology\" and other disciplines, in 2003, the mapping of the human genome was completed, the DNA sequence of the human genome was successfully cracked, and the code of the human \"book of life\" was solved. Soon after, scientists completed the genome sequencing of chimpanzees, macaques, orangutans and other species.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.26/1760323710045_human-genome-project2.jpg\" alt=\"human-genome-project\" width=\"60%\"/>\n\u003Cspan>\nPhoto by \u003Ca href=\"https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/educational-resources/fact-sheets/human-genome-project\" target=\"_blank\">Human Genome Project\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">June 2000, the sketch of the human genome has been completed, then US President Bill Clinton and Dr. Francis Collins (Director of the National Human Genome Research Institute) at the White House for a celebration.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nThrough the comparison of the genome, it can be seen that the genome similarity between modern humans and chimpanzees is as high as 98%, and the differences are mainly concentrated in the regions that regulate gene expression. Compared with other species of primates, the difference is even greater; for example, the genome of modern humans is 97% similar to orangutans, while the similarity to macaques is only 93%. Therefore, among the species that are still alive, modern humans have the closest kinship with chimpanzees. To be precise, humans and chimpanzees shared a common ancestor not long ago. Although there are still many people who do not agree with this fact, if you believe in \"DNA paternity\" or have no objection to DNA technology in the field of criminal investigation, then you should not question the relationship between humans and chimpanzees.\n\nTherefore,**the so-called\" birth of human beings \", in essence, is actually the differentiation of the human branch and the chimpanzee branch**. So when did humans and chimpanzees diverge from their \"most recent common ancestor?\n\nThe answer to this question also depends on the application of DNA technology in fields such as \"evolutionary biology\" or \"molecular genetics. To be precise, we need to rely on \"molecular clock\" (Molecular Clock) technology.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.26/1760324106473_Human_evolution2.jpg\" alt=\"Human_evolution\" width=\"60%\"/>\n\u003Cspan>\nPhoto by \u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution\" target=\"_blank\">Human evolution\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">genetic data suggest that chimpanzees and humans diverged from a common ancestor 9 million to 7 million years ago. One of the most common mistakes is: \"Man is a monkey\". In fact, the exact description should be: today's humans and chimpanzees, about 7 million years ago, we had the same common ancestor.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n**An organism's DNA or protein sequence accumulates random mutations (I. e., genetic variants) at a relatively steady rate over time**. These mutations are like a ticking clock, recording the evolution of life. By comparing the extent to which the two species differ in their genetic sequences and assuming a roughly constant rate of mutation, scientists can work out how long they diverged from their \"most recent common ancestor.\n\nImagine, for example, that you and your siblings were from the same family before they were separated. With the passage of time after separation, you will accumulate different memories and habits in your respective life experiences. If you know \"how many different memories are produced on average every year\", then by comparing the differences between each other's \"different stories\", you can estimate how long you have lived apart.\n\nThrough the comparison of genomes and molecular clock technology, as well as the dating of ancient fossils and the analysis of evolutionary characteristics, although the exact time of human birth is still controversial, for the content of popular science, we can think that the birth of human beings began about 7 million years ago.\n\nDuring the period before and after the birth of human beings (that is, the differentiation of human ancestors and chimpanzee ancestors), drastic climate changes occurred in the world. The weather became cold and dry, and the rainfall decreased. As a result, the tropical rain forests in Africa died and shrank in large areas, turning into open forests or savannas. Ancestral groups of humans and chimpanzees face a series of difficulties, including a sharp decline in food sources. Under such circumstances, a branch of the common ancestor group may encounter greater difficulties, such as gradually losing the shelter of the rainforest and being forced to enter the \"sparse forest\" area to feed and live. After hundreds of thousands of years of shaping and genetic variation, the populations in two different environments went further and further along different evolutionary paths, and eventually became completely different species (reproductive isolation), and the most primitive human ancestors were born.\n\nThe boundaries between species with similar evolutionary distances are very blurred. The empirical criteria by which scientists judge whether a species is \"human\" is:**ability to walk upright on both feet**.\n\n## The beginning of the birth of mankind\n\nAt present (2024), the Chadian Shakh (Sahelanthropus Tchadensis), who lived 7 million -6 million years ago, are usually seen as candidates for the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees.\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.26/1760324621978_coll-jean-rostand-thouars-(1).jpg\" alt=\"coll-jean-rostand-thouars\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nImage source: \u003Ca href=\"https://etab.ac-poitiers.fr/coll-jean-rostand-thouars/spip.php?article1598\" target=\"_blank\">\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">discoverer Professor Michel Brunet with a facial reconstruction of Toumaï, the most famous skull of the \"Chadian Shah. The current mainstream opinion in the academic community is that this species can walk on two feet, but the pace may be very primitive, not as robust as the later Australopithecus, but it also determines its approximate position in the human evolution map and is regarded as the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nWhat can be regarded as the first species of human is the \"ancestor ape\", also known as the \"kadabadi ape\", which lived 5.8 million -5.6 million years ago. As an early human subspecies, the kadabadi apes should have emerged shortly after the ancestors of humans and chimpanzees broke up. Since then, many subspecies such as \"Australopithecus\" and \"Genus\" have been differentiated in the human family, until the emergence of modern people. Therefore, the human evolution map, like any higher complex organism, should be a \"tree\" structure. Moreover, there must be a small \"network\" substructure at each branch, because the reproductive isolation between species can not be formed in a short period of time, and often undergoes many intergenerational differentiation, and then may go further and further, and finally evolve into different \"species\".\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.26/1760324824811_the-origin-of-our-species2.jpg\" alt=\"the-origin-of-our-species\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nPhoto by www. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/the-origin-of-our-species.html\" target=\"_blank\">nhm.ac.uk\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">the human family tree. It can be seen that there have been many \"subspecies\" in the human family, and they are all sister branches of modern people. But about 20000 years ago, the last Denisovan disappeared alone in the vast Siberian ice sheet. Since then, there has been only one subspecies of modern humans on earth.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nPictured above is the human family tree, a once-leafy tree that began to take root 7 million years ago. It can be seen that the story of human evolution is not a clear and linear development track, nor does it have a clear beginning and end. The human story is like this tree, with its complex and luxuriant branches stretching across millions of years and the entire planet. It contains a changing group of ancient Homo erectus relatives, evolutionary dead ends, and many unknown factors.**Adaptation, survival and extinction provide a dynamic backdrop to this story**.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.26/1760325124464_Female_human_evolution2.jpg\" alt=\"emale_human_evolution\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nPhoto by \u003Ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Female_human_evolution_2.png\" target=\"_blank\">Human evolution\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">this model of human \"evolution\" has been considered outdated, because the actual process of human evolution is more complex. Such a \"linear pattern\" leads to a great misunderstanding that the human species is \"evolutionary. But in fact, the human family tree is a branched evolutionary tree. For example, according to the existing evidence, starting from Homo erectus, at least three subspecies of Homo sapiens, Neanderthal, Denisovan, and late Homo sapiens (modern man), were formed. To further complicate matters, there is also more or less hybridization between these branches, the so-called \"network\" substructure referred to above.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nNow, this once luxuriant tree has only one green leaf left. The closest human subspecies to us, such as Neanderthals, Denisovans, Flores (hobbits), etc., all went extinct tens of thousands of years ago. Everyone in the world today belongs to \"modern man\" (or \"late Homo sapiens\"). As the only remaining subspecies in the human family, modern humans are currently believed to have originated in East Africa 300000 years ago and began to spread around the world 60000-50000 years ago (or earlier). Although we are not immortal as the only surviving species of human genus, we are the only ones who have created civilization that belongs to humanity. Human civilization is far from the continuation of genes, but the sublimation of ideas, which is the only attribute that distinguishes us from nature.\n\nIn the universe, the human spirit is indeed \"different\",**we can even create\" God \"**!\n\n---\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.26/1760325348471_the-story-of-ancestors2.jpg\" alt=\"the-story-of-ancestors\" width=\"60%\"/>\n\u003Cspan>\nSource: The \u003Ca href=\"\" target=\"_blank\">Ancestor's Story\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\nAn imaginary restoration reconstructed by \u003Cp class=\"description\">artist depicts what the \"most recent common ancestor\" of all species looked like 14 million years ago. It is a large four-legged ape that probably lived in trees most of the time. Like all great apes, it should have considerable intelligence. I and this common ancestor, separated by nearly a million generations of reproduction process. In fact, a million generations of reproduction, during which the accumulation of huge differences is enough to make any complex species evolved beyond recognition. For example, it only takes 5000 years, or about 500 generations, to shape a large mammoth more than 3 meters high into a \"pygmy mammoth\" similar to human height.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/s00016/000124_1714358667711.png\" alt=\"露西\" width=\"70%\"/>\n\u003Cspan>\nImage source: \u003Ca href=\"https://milnepublishing.geneseo.edu/the-history-of-our-tribe-hominini/chapter/australopithecus-afarensis/\" target=\"_blank\">Australopithecus Afarensis\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">is dubbed the \"human grandmother\" Lucy, the author is Keenan Taylor. Under the artist's brush, this \"grandmother\" looks very kind. Lucy comes from Australopithecus Afa, a hominid species that lived 3.9 million -2.9 million years ago. It is regarded as a \"transitional\" species between \"human\" and \"ape. \"Transition\" is quoted because: the evolution of species is a random event, that is, there is no direction and no purpose; Therefore, the birth of human beings is completely \"random\". However, the road ahead cannot continue to be \"random\" and requires the participation of wisdom, thus having a purpose. What about the goal? I hope it is the sea of stars-because such a goal is far away and beautiful, in order to live up to the temperament of people.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.26/1760330333558_news-evolution-human-origins2.jpg\" alt=\"news-evolution-human-origins\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nImage source: \u003Ca href=\"https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-evolution-human-origins/schoningen-spears-study-0018879\" target=\"_blank\">ancient origins\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">Heidelberg hunting imagination map, about 500000 to 400000 years ago, from this era, human beings have been very certain to be able to carry out organized hunting activities on large prey, indicating that the level of human intelligence has reached a fairly advanced stage. The Heidelbergs were probably the direct ancestors of Homo sapiens.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.26/1760330569178_000124_1704330139624.png\" alt=\"Neanderthal\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nPhoto by \u003Ca href=\"https://www.visitduesseldorf.de/en/attractions/neanderthal-museum-3b5ebe6b84\" target=\"_blank\">neanderthal museum\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">this is a delightful photo of a girl and a Neanderthal model from the Neanderthal Museum in \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Kreis Mettmann\" lon=\"6.9754\" lat=\"51.2504\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">Mettmann County\u003C/span>, Germany (Mettmann). The relationship between Neanderthals and modern humans is very close, and they belong to the \"Homo sapiens\" branch of the real people. Neanderthals went extinct about 40000-30000 years ago.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n### Extended reading\n\n\u003Ca href=\"/summary/earth-timeline\" target=\"_blank\">Earth Timeline\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"/summary/evolution-of-humans\" target=\"_blank\">human evolution\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n## References\n\n\n\n《祖先的故事》[英]理查德·道金斯 [英]黄可仁；许师明[译] 郭运波[译]；中信出版集团出版 2019-07\n\n《人类起源的故事 : 我们是谁，我们从哪里来》 大卫·赖克；叶凯雄 胡正飞[译]；浙江人民出版社 2019-06\n\n《人从哪里来 : 人类600万年的演化史》赖瑞和；中信出版集团 2022-08\n\n《硬核原始人》何叶紫；浙江文艺出版社 2020-11\n\n《给智人的极简人类进化史》 [法] 希尔瓦娜·孔戴米 / [法] 弗朗索瓦·萨瓦提埃；李鹏程[译]；海峡书局 \n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/the-origin-of-our-species.html\" target=\"_blank\">The origin of our species\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://www.big-history.online/summary/evolution-of-humans\" target=\"_blank\">Evolution of humans\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_responses_to_the_idea_of_evolution\" target=\"_blank\">Social responses to the idea of evolution\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n","Human beings used to think that they were very \"advanced\" and different, a special existence created by \"gods\" according to their own image or preferences, but since the era when Darwin published the Origin of species, people's traditional cognition of the origin of life has been subverted. Now we know that the history of mankind is not long, only about 7 million years.","7 million Years of Human Evolution: Cognitive Revolution and Evolution from the Perspective of Evolution","From the time when Darwin published The Origin of Species, people's traditional understanding of the origin of life has been overturned. Now we know that the history of mankind is not long, only about 7 million years, let's learn this story together.","en",0.7,[24,32,39,47,55,63,70,77,85,93,101,108,115,123,130,137],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":30,"description":31},"650fb920a825478aba09b4410abf55ab","Recent common ancestor based on chromosomes 1-22","most-recent-common-ancestor-chromosome","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276375616_720_1761526548499_Chromosomal-fragment-recombination.jpg","2026-02-26T22:20:53","2026-02-26T22:21:27","Interpreting the recent common ancestor of human autosomes 1-22 from a genomic perspective, explaining DNA recombination, mutation and ancestral fragment inheritance, and popularizing the common ancestor time in the sense of human genetics.",{"id":33,"name":34,"keywords":4,"slug":35,"author":7,"ogImage":36,"isBlog":4,"createDate":37,"updateDate":37,"description":38},"cb82ee0915fa4a8b8b6db69cb750d76e","The MRCA of modern humans","most-recent-common-ancestor-of-modern-humans","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276783618_720_1761530294216_The-origin-of-humans32.jpg","2026-02-27T19:08:16","What is the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of modern humans? How is it different from Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam? This article uses popular logic to explain the mystery of the common ancestor of all mankind.",{"id":40,"name":41,"keywords":4,"slug":42,"author":7,"ogImage":43,"isBlog":4,"createDate":44,"updateDate":45,"description":46},"f94253e20113427385837238315d21c8","Modern man in the sense of anatomy","anatomically-modern-humans","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276414249_720_1762690305711_Anatomically-modern-humans.jpg","2026-02-26T22:41:52","2026-02-26T22:43:27","What is modern man in the sense of anatomy? This paper systematically introduces the origin and characteristics of late Homo sapiens from the definition, key fossils (Jebel Iro, Omo, Herto), age and evolutionary diffusion.\n",{"id":48,"name":49,"keywords":4,"slug":50,"author":7,"ogImage":51,"isBlog":4,"createDate":52,"updateDate":53,"description":54},"44683e95121b4f4c8bb80251e97882d6","The first human out of Africa","first-time-humans-left-africa","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770176027541_beijingren2.jpg","2026-02-25T17:38:15","2026-02-26T19:08:56","The ancient fossils unearthed from various places can prove that the expansion of the genus of Man began as early as 2 million years ago. At the latest, 1.8 million years ago, the first time that the man's subordinate, the erectus, came out of Africa. It can be said that this is one of the largest geological and historical events in the history of the earth.",{"id":56,"name":57,"keywords":4,"slug":58,"author":7,"ogImage":59,"isBlog":4,"createDate":60,"updateDate":61,"description":62},"33d275be28184c63bd888294783b2424","Chadian Shah","sahelanthropus-tchadensis","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770170445594_000124_1709627786938.jpg","2026-02-25T14:31:06","2026-02-26T16:39:01","The Chadian Shah (Tumai), the earliest known hominid species, lived in Africa 7 million years ago. This article describes its discovery, the characteristics of the skull, the evidence of upright walking, and how it rewrites the history of human evolution.",{"id":64,"name":65,"keywords":4,"slug":66,"author":7,"ogImage":67,"isBlog":4,"createDate":68,"updateDate":68,"description":69},"f7684aff24744766b9849f56b04617f2","Longshan Culture","longshan-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1780474978266_longshan-culture8.jpg","2026-06-05T15:10:49","The Longshan Culture is one of the most important archaeological cultures of the Late Neolithic period in China, dating from approximately 4,500 to 4,000 years ago. This article systematically examines the origins and geographical distribution of the Longshan Culture, its black‑ware pottery techniques, social stratification, the emergence of proto‑writing, prehistoric urban sites, and its relationship with the Erlitou Culture of the Xia Dynasty, thereby illuminating a crucial phase in the formation of Chinese civilization.",{"id":71,"name":72,"keywords":4,"slug":73,"author":7,"ogImage":74,"isBlog":4,"createDate":75,"updateDate":75,"description":76},"a5e600c3d725475595abfd581b704176","Hongshan Culture","hongshan-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1780389885606_hongshan-culture62.jpg","2026-06-02T20:46:01","Hongshan Culture is one of the most important late Neolithic archaeological cultures in northern China, renowned for the Niuheliang site, the Goddess Temple, the cairn tombs, and its exquisite jade artifacts. This article provides a systematic overview of the Hongshan Culture, covering its chronological framework, geographical distribution, agricultural practices, jade-crafting traditions, and its pivotal significance for research on the origins of Chinese civilization.",{"id":78,"name":79,"keywords":4,"slug":80,"author":7,"ogImage":81,"isBlog":4,"createDate":82,"updateDate":83,"description":84},"47281d4cfe6e440e97e2ca10729e61f6","Homo erectus","homo-eractus","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770175824343_000124_1709605257579.jpg","2023-11-23T15:48:07","2026-03-12T10:23:51","Homo erectus, which existed about 1.8 million to 200000 years ago, is a critical and successful species in the history of human evolution. Their body proportions are close to those of modern people. They can systematically use fire and make complex tools. They not only created the Acheri culture, but also made human beings walk out of Africa for the first time, which can be called a milestone in the evolution of the human genus.",{"id":86,"name":87,"keywords":4,"slug":88,"author":7,"ogImage":89,"isBlog":4,"createDate":90,"updateDate":91,"description":92},"d90a829e9d7e4138af470f7451aa5107","Tutankhamun","tutankhamen","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278680370_720_000176_1762998682805_000176_1710122449266.jpg","2026-03-04T12:42:48","2026-03-04T16:54:16","Tutankhamun is the most famous pharaoh in ancient Egypt. It is not because of his achievements, but because of his unstolen KV62 tomb and gold mask that shocked the world and solved many mysteries of the 18th dynasty of ancient Egypt.",{"id":94,"name":95,"keywords":4,"slug":96,"author":7,"ogImage":97,"isBlog":4,"createDate":98,"updateDate":99,"description":100},"8f6adef1f3eb4d62ad48ffd2897d9ba0","Y chromosome Adam","y-chromosomal-adam","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276518548_720_1763566058169_y-chromosomal-adam.jpg","2026-02-27T00:04:54","2026-03-04T22:24:49","What is Y chromosome Adam? This article explains the paternal inheritance of Y chromosome, molecular clock age, African origin of 120000 year, and the difference between it and mitochondrial Eve.",{"id":102,"name":103,"keywords":4,"slug":104,"author":7,"ogImage":105,"isBlog":4,"createDate":106,"updateDate":106,"description":107},"f77439bc374d47d6a738373cc900017a","The founding of the city of Carthage","establishment-of-carthage","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283657313_720_1765467646917_Dido.jpg","2026-03-08T22:24:07","In the 9th century BC, the Phoenician princess Dido founded Carthage in North Africa. This paper examines how Carthage evolved from a refuge trading post into the most powerful commercial empire in the Mediterranean, explores the context of the conflict between Punic culture and Greek colonists, and analyzes how Carthage came to be Rome’s destined rival.",{"id":109,"name":110,"keywords":4,"slug":111,"author":7,"ogImage":112,"isBlog":4,"createDate":113,"updateDate":113,"description":114},"e95c775480f547f9b889c30cf3d785cc","Tielepin edict","telepinu-proclamation","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278424562_720_1764160453480_Telepinu-Proclamation.jpg","2026-03-05T20:05:04","Infighting within the Hittite royal family was frequent. To address this, Telepinu issued the Telepinu Proclamation, which standardized the succession to the throne and imposed limits on royal authority. Despite its profound historical significance, it failed to put an end to palace assassinations.\n",{"id":116,"name":117,"keywords":4,"slug":118,"author":7,"ogImage":119,"isBlog":4,"createDate":120,"updateDate":121,"description":122},"d61ebb9a9f7c48b9a4a67bcb9edc73d0","Reformation in Ehnaon","akhenaten-aten-god-reform","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278654850_720_000176_1710122409119.jpg","2026-03-04T12:22:41","2026-03-04T16:53:43","Ehnatun (Amenhotep IV) was the most controversial pharaoh in ancient Egypt. He carried out the religious reform, abolished the god of Amun, respected the god of Aton, and moved the capital of Ehtarton. Although the reform failed, it left the earliest bud of monotheism and the statue of Queen Naftiti.",{"id":124,"name":125,"keywords":4,"slug":126,"author":7,"ogImage":8,"isBlog":4,"createDate":127,"updateDate":128,"description":129},"f57e163efcf24ea8b230b0c200911ef8","The oldest known human member—Orrorin tugenensis","orrorin-tugenensis","2026-02-25T14:47:25","2026-06-05T11:35:17","Orrorin tugenensis, also known as the “Millennium Man,” lived in Africa 6 million years ago and is one of the earliest known hominins to have walked upright. This paper presents the fossil discoveries, morphological characteristics, and evolutionary significance of this taxon.",{"id":131,"name":132,"keywords":4,"slug":133,"author":7,"ogImage":134,"isBlog":4,"createDate":135,"updateDate":135,"description":136},"cb709ac6ad83472d9da5c8867b45289d","The end of the Egyptian Empire","downfall-of-egyptian-empire","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283044845_720_1765021735012_Rulers_of_Kush_Kerma_Museum.jpg","2026-03-04T22:40:34","The end of the Egyptian imperial era began with the murder of Ramses III, the harassment of the sea, the dictatorship of the priests, the prevalence of tomb robberies and the workers' strike, which eventually led to the collapse of the new kingdom and the return of ancient Egypt to its former glory.",{"id":138,"name":139,"keywords":4,"slug":140,"author":7,"ogImage":141,"isBlog":4,"createDate":142,"updateDate":142,"description":143},"cb379ebd67614a04b01b318201ccf1c6","The heyday of Mycenaean civilization","mycenaean-palatial-bronze-age","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278551734_720_000186_1715741489174.jpg","2026-03-05T20:40:37","The Mycenaean civilization entered its heyday in the 15th century BC, controlling the Aegean region, building acropolis and palaces, and unearthed a large number of gold relics, which were revealed by Schliman's archaeological discoveries.",1780647327898]