[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":142},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-homo-en":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"真人属的诞生","homo","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770175703118_1764295418266_Homo_ergaster_American_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg","article","2026-06-05T11:29:08","2024-01-04T09:47:05",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"Genus","Introduction to the genus Homo: Evolution from 2.8 million years ago to modern humans","Homo | Evolution from early humans to modern humans 2.8 million years ago","Homo,Homo,Homo,Homoerectus,Historyofhumanevolution,Homosapiens","\"Human\" is only a term in the traditional sense, and from a genealogical point of view, it is very imprecise. Humans in the narrow sense refer to all people who have existed in history so far; but humans in biological taxonomy refer to \"Homo\", or \"Homo\" (scientific name: Homo). The genus Hominis is a genus under the subfamily Hominidae. At present (2020), a total of 17 species are known, 16 of which have become extinct, and only one species remains, that is, late Homo sapiens (Homo Sapiens) or modern humans. The genus Human is characterized by its highly developed intelligence and complex cultural behavior.\n\nThe origin of the species is generally thought to be 2.3 million years ago, but in 2013, a team from Arizona State University found a mandible and tooth in Ethiopia. These teeth are much smaller than those of Australopithecus, close to the characteristics of the later genus Homo, and are dated 2.8 million years ago. The research team believes that this is the earliest member of the genus, so it pushed the starting point of the genus forward by 500000 years.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/s00016/000124_1709605817088.png\" alt=\"Homo rudolfensis\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nPhoto by \u003Ca href=\"https://donsmaps.com/rudolfensis.html\" target=\"_blank\">donsmaps.com\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\nFossils of the \u003Cp class=\"description\">Rudolf man's jaws were found in Malawi, Africa, about 2.3 million years ago. This era was also once seen as the beginning of the era of human belonging.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/s00016/000124_1709605872929.png\" alt=\"Homo Sapiens\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nPhoto by \u003Ca href=\"https://antropogenez.ru/finds/p/8/\" target=\"_blank\">antropogenez.ru\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\nA mandible and tooth found in Ethiopia in \u003Cp class=\"description\">is 2.8 million years old. The research team believes that this is the earliest known member of the genus Homo.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nHomo species that have existed include (but are not limited to):\n\n-**LD 350-1**(Homo LD 350-1) , discovered in 2013 in Afar State, Ethiopia, East Africa, lived about 2.75 million to 2.8 million years ago.\n-* * Homo habilis * *(Homo), discovered in 1960 in the Oduvai Canyon in Tanzania, East Africa, lived about 2 million to 1.75 million years ago.\n-**Rudolf**(Homo rudolfensis) , discovered in 1972 in Lake Rudolf in Kenya, East Africa, lived about 1.95 million to 1.78 million years ago.\n-* * Georgians * *(Homo georgicus), found in Demanis, Georgia, West Asia in 1991, lived about 1.8 million years ago.\n-* * Craftsman *(Homo ergaster) was discovered in Swat Klan, South Africa in 1949 and lived about 1.8 million to 1.4 million years ago.\n-* * Tree dwelling people * *(Homo gautengensis), found in 2010 in the Strickfonten cave in Gauteng Province, South Africa, lived about 2 million to 600000 years ago.\n-**Homo erectus**(Homo erectus), the earliest fossil was found in 1891 on Java Island, Indonesia, and lived about 2 million to 200000 years ago.\n-* * Pioneer * *(Homo antecessor), discovered in Atapulka, Spain in 1997, lived about 900000 years ago.\n-**Cibrano**(Homo cepranensis), discovered in 1994 in Cibrano, Frosino Province, Italy, lived about 800000 to 900000 years ago.\n-The remains of Homo rhodesiensis have been found in Southern Africa, East Africa and North Africa, where they lived about 600000 years ago.\n-**Heidelberg people**(Homo heidelbergensis), discovered in 1907 in Maur, Germany, lived about 500000 to 100000 years ago.\n-**Neanderthal**(Homo neanderthalensis), discovered in Neanderthal Germany in 1856, lived about 200000 to 30000 years ago.\n-**Florus people**(Homo floresiensis, Hobbits), discovered on Florus Island in Indonesia in 2004, lived about 95000 to 50000 years ago.\n-* * Penghu original people * *(Homo tsaichangensis) were discovered in Penghu waterway in Taiwan Strait of China in 2008 and lived about 450000 to 190000 years ago.\n-**Denisovans**(Denisova hominin), discovered in Siberia, Russia in 2008, lived about 40000 years ago.\n-* * Red Deer Cave people * *(Red Deer Cave people), discovered in Guangxi, China in 1979, lived about 14500 to 11500 years ago.\n\nWith the exception of modern humans, the subspecies listed above are extinct. The Homo species has only one living branch left on Earth, the modern (or late Homo sapiens), which is ourselves. Obviously, from the results of extinction, human beings do not seem to be more \"intelligent\" than any other species. Although individual human beings can have extremely high intelligence, on the whole, human beings do not have too high \"intelligence\". So, when we talk about concepts like human intelligence, we should be cautious.\n\nModern people have a high degree of intelligence, language ability, tool use ability, and social organization ability. These characteristics enable us to create and adapt to various environments.\n\nHopefully, in the future, the same will be true for humans.\n\nHowever, most of these dazzling names are not truly \"independent\" species. For example, there is no complete \"reproductive isolation\" between Neanderthals and modern humans. Although their mixed offspring have reduced reproductive ability, they are still effective. Therefore, from the current evidence, there are only three species that can be basically clear in the whole genus: the subspecies of Homo sapiens, the subspecies of Homo erectus, and the subspecies of Homo sapiens (including Neanderthals, Denisovans, and modern humans). The three subspecies should be completely reproductive isolated.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/s00016/000124_1714357988046.jpg\" alt=\"Homo Tree\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nSource: The Mystery of Human Origin and Migration\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">the genealogy of each subspecies within the genus Homo.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nAmong them, species under the subspecies of Homo erectus and Homo erectus can be classified as early hominis (Homo erectus is also known as Homo Ergaster in Africa, but this name has been abandoned), and the difference between them and Homo sapiens is still large. For example, if compared with the late species of Homo, the morphological characteristics of Homo and Rudolf (both of which belong to the subspecies of Homo) are closer to those of Australopithecus. Some scholars even believe that they should not be classified as Homo, but as Australopithecus. Moreover, the fossils of the two are too few and too incomplete, so the argument is not easy, and in many cases it depends on speculation. At present (2024), when discussing the early genus of human beings, the academic circles mainly take the example of straight man, especially the boy of Turkana (Turkana Boy) about 1.6 million years ago.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/s00016/000124_1709605967135.png\" alt=\"Turkana Boy\" width=\"80%\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nPhoto by \u003Ca href=\"https://www.turkanabasin.org/turkanaboy/\" target=\"_blank\">turkanabasin.org\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\nArtistic recomposition of \u003Cp class=\"description\">Turkana (Turkana Boy) boy.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nCompared with Australopithecus, the genus Homo has several important characteristics.\n\nThe first is the change in body shape. Homo erectus became much taller than Australopithecus, and its rib skeleton was close to cylindrical, not conical like Australopithecus. In addition, the weight of Australopithecus is only about 30kg -50kg, and the adult height is about 100cm -150cm, which is similar to that of chimpanzees. However, Homo erectus weighs 50kg -70kg and its adult height is about 160cm -185cm, which is close to that of modern people. According to another important indicator, namely brain capacity, the brain capacity of Homo erectus can reach 600-1200 cubic centimeters (modern Homo sapiens is about 1100-1900 cubic centimeters), while Australopithecus has only more than 400 cubic centimeters. Finally, there is another important feature in appearance, that is, the ability to walk upright. Compared with Australopithecus, Homo erectus's bipedal walking skills have also been greatly enhanced. They no longer need to hide in trees, but become grassland predators who can chase prey.\n\nIn response to changes in appearance, in 1995 some scholars put forward the famous \"expensive organ hypothesis\" (Expensive Tissue Hypothesis), \"expensive\" refers to the organs need to consume nutrients and calories. Since Australopithecus, the proportion of meat in the diet of human ancestors has been increasing. By the time of Homo, Homo erectus had eaten a lot of meat. Due to the higher nutritional value and calories of meat, the huge intestinal system originally used to digest crude fibrous herbs becomes useless and gradually degenerates. As a chain reaction, the energy and nutrients originally occupied by the digestive organs gradually flow to the brain. The highly developed brain has promoted the improvement of human's ability to make tools, cooperate with each other, and hunt. As a result, early human members with better cognitive ability have stronger environmental adaptability. As a result, environmental changes such as Africa's becoming arid climate and the expansion of savannas have instead become accelerators of human evolution: a group of hairless, evolved sweating glands of Homo erectus, with their unparalleled endurance and ability to cooperate, successfully incarnated as a powerful species on the African savannah.\n\nUnlike the once stout Australopithecus, whose thick molars led the group to a herbivorous cul-de-sac, the genus Homo is different. The increase in the proportion of meat has allowed molars to evolve again. They do not need to \"eat grass\" like their ancestors did, so there is no need to retain thick molars.\n\nThe use of stone tools also allowed Homo erectus to deal with difficult-to-chew root foods, which are common in savannas and rare in the sparse forests on which the stout Australopithecus depended, indicating that Homo erectus had moved from sparse forests to savannas. Another important change related to Homo erectus is the collective hunting ability just mentioned, and human beings are gradually moving to the top of the biological chain. In earlier times, Australopithecus was usually a weaker prey. They did not rely on predation but mainly relied on gathering to survive. They caught insects at most, or stole a little lion, hyena, etc. to eat the remaining bones, and then used stone axes to obtain bone marrow.\n\nIn addition to collective hunting, Homo erectus humans also began to have a clear division of labor, such as male hunting and female gathering. The cooperation between groups has been strengthened, unlike earlier males who fought for mates, giving the stronger to have an advantage. As a result, the \"bisexual\" situation that is still obvious in the Australopithecus stage began to decrease. The average body of Homo erectus males is only about 15% larger than that of females, which is very similar to modern humans.\n\nDuring the period of Homo erectus, there was another invention that had a profound impact on mankind, and that was the use of fire. Roasted food is easier to digest, because fire has helped the human digestive system to perform the most difficult work, allowing our digestive system to occupy a further reduced proportion. Eating cooked meat is about 10 times more efficient than eating raw meat, and the unit of cooked food can provide more calories, because the human body can absorb more energy from cooked food. Cooking also allows us to better get other nutrients from meat, such as iron, zinc and vitamins, which are all necessary to establish and maintain the complex structure of the brain. The use of fire is an important milestone in the history of human evolution.\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n","\"Human\" is only a term in the traditional sense, and from a genealogical point of view, it is very imprecise. In a narrow sense, human beings refer to all the people who have existed in history so far. However, human beings in biological taxonomy refer to \"human genus\", or \"true genus\". There are 17 known species, and modern people are only one of them.","Genus: opened 2.8 million years ago, carrying the core lineage of human evolution","\"Human\" is only a term in the traditional sense. Human in biological taxonomy refers to \"Homo\", or \"Homo\". There are 17 known species, and modern people are just one of them. Let's get to know our story.","en",0.7,[24,32,39,47,54,62,70,76,84,92,99,107,114,121,128,135],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":30,"description":31},"23d76e12c94e41c1859cb32f2488d014","The Evolution of Modern Man","divergence-neanderthals-denisovans-homo-sapiens","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276305930_720_000124_1704330139624.jpg","2023-11-23T15:49:40","2026-03-12T10:23:51","770000 to 550000 years ago, the ancestors of modern humans diverged from those of Neanderthals and Denisovans, but there was no complete \"reproductive isolation\" between the three subspecies \". In fact, from a genetic point of view, they are just a \"weaker\" ancestor of modern people tens of thousands of years ago. Every modern person has more or less their genes in his body.",{"id":33,"name":34,"keywords":4,"slug":35,"author":7,"ogImage":36,"isBlog":4,"createDate":37,"updateDate":30,"description":38},"47281d4cfe6e440e97e2ca10729e61f6","Homo erectus","homo-eractus","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770175824343_000124_1709605257579.jpg","2023-11-23T15:48:07","Homo erectus, which existed about 1.8 million to 200000 years ago, is a critical and successful species in the history of human evolution. Their body proportions are close to those of modern people. They can systematically use fire and make complex tools. They not only created the Acheri culture, but also made human beings walk out of Africa for the first time, which can be called a milestone in the evolution of the human genus.",{"id":40,"name":41,"keywords":4,"slug":42,"author":7,"ogImage":43,"isBlog":4,"createDate":44,"updateDate":45,"description":46},"5238590091ac4fbc9f8cd7c06b109323","Afa Australopithecus","australopithecus-afarensis","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770175627090_000124_1714358823400.jpg","2026-02-25T16:00:00","2026-03-09T12:19:43","Australopithecus Afa is a vital species in the history of early human evolution. It lived in Africa more than 300 million years ago. The most famous representative is the fossil skeleton called \"Lucy\". She is also jokingly called \"The grandmother of mankind\", behind her is the \"first family\" of mankind \".",{"id":48,"name":49,"keywords":4,"slug":50,"author":7,"ogImage":51,"isBlog":4,"createDate":52,"updateDate":30,"description":53},"dc3c57ca41ee45f8858842605c3045e6","The Hobbit Extinction","extinction-of-hobbits","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276601930_720_1761974884022_Homo_floresiensis_cave.jpg","2023-11-23T16:27:59","Who were the Flores (Hobbits)? Why were they short? When did they become extinct? This article describes the fossils, evolution and extinction of this mysterious dwarf human.\n",{"id":55,"name":56,"keywords":4,"slug":57,"author":7,"ogImage":58,"isBlog":4,"createDate":59,"updateDate":60,"description":61},"f94253e20113427385837238315d21c8","Modern man in the sense of anatomy","anatomically-modern-humans","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276414249_720_1762690305711_Anatomically-modern-humans.jpg","2026-02-26T22:41:52","2026-02-26T22:43:27","What is modern man in the sense of anatomy? This paper systematically introduces the origin and characteristics of late Homo sapiens from the definition, key fossils (Jebel Iro, Omo, Herto), age and evolutionary diffusion.\n",{"id":63,"name":64,"keywords":4,"slug":65,"author":7,"ogImage":66,"isBlog":4,"createDate":67,"updateDate":68,"description":69},"f57e163efcf24ea8b230b0c200911ef8","The oldest known human member—Orrorin tugenensis","orrorin-tugenensis","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770170182584_1760324824811_the-origin-of-our-species2.jpg","2026-02-25T14:47:25","2026-06-05T11:35:17","Orrorin tugenensis, also known as the “Millennium Man,” lived in Africa 6 million years ago and is one of the earliest known hominins to have walked upright. This paper presents the fossil discoveries, morphological characteristics, and evolutionary significance of this taxon.",{"id":71,"name":4,"keywords":4,"slug":72,"author":7,"ogImage":73,"isBlog":4,"createDate":74,"updateDate":74,"description":75},"b03a4da682ff469189c55b7db325a9cc","australopithecus-garhi","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770175774943_000124_1704333478298.jpg","2026-02-25T16:47:20","The amazing species of Australopithecus lived in Ethiopia about 3.3 million years ago. It was in the same period or even partially overlapped with the famous Afar species of Australopithecus (such as \"Lucy\"), which proved the diversity of human evolution and completely changed the previous The simple view of \"straight line evolution\" of human origin",{"id":77,"name":78,"keywords":4,"slug":79,"author":7,"ogImage":80,"isBlog":4,"createDate":81,"updateDate":82,"description":83},"650fb920a825478aba09b4410abf55ab","Recent common ancestor based on chromosomes 1-22","most-recent-common-ancestor-chromosome","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276375616_720_1761526548499_Chromosomal-fragment-recombination.jpg","2026-02-26T22:20:53","2026-02-26T22:21:27","Interpreting the recent common ancestor of human autosomes 1-22 from a genomic perspective, explaining DNA recombination, mutation and ancestral fragment inheritance, and popularizing the common ancestor time in the sense of human genetics.",{"id":85,"name":86,"keywords":4,"slug":87,"author":7,"ogImage":88,"isBlog":4,"createDate":89,"updateDate":90,"description":91},"15e0df576bbc43d88d2498755e8f8c87","Late Paleolithic Revolution","upper-paleolithic-revolution","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276687125_720_1760335975390_Palm2.jpg","2026-02-25T20:16:43","2026-02-28T16:28:26","About 50000 years ago, our race experienced something very special: just as Athena in Greek mythology injected soul into mankind, mankind suddenly possessed unprecedented figurative artistic creativity. This event, known as the \"Late Paleolithic Revolution\", is a watershed in the history of human evolution.",{"id":93,"name":94,"keywords":4,"slug":95,"author":7,"ogImage":96,"isBlog":4,"createDate":97,"updateDate":30,"description":98},"02dc8cb3fb8a4f41a87671463267f5e8","Denisovans mixed with modern people","hybridization-between-denisovans-and-modern-humans","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276654946_720_000124_1704329927656.jpg","2023-11-24T14:20:52","Denisovans are an ancient human species discovered through DNA analysis. They coexisted with Neanderthals and modern humans and interbred with both. This paper provides a detailed analysis of gene flow, the EPAS1 gene on the Tibetan Plateau, the Xiahe mandible, and the distribution of ancestral components across global populations.\n",{"id":100,"name":101,"keywords":4,"slug":102,"author":7,"ogImage":103,"isBlog":4,"createDate":104,"updateDate":105,"description":106},"37fb4d2375284b3a9b4176a9419a9ced","Orina Culture","aurignacian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276727955_720_1760411643106_rhinos-chauvet-cave.jpg","2026-02-27T11:05:34","2026-03-04T22:19:11","What is Aorina culture? Age, distribution, tools, murals and sculptures (Chauvius Caves, Lions, Hochler Fellows Venus).",{"id":108,"name":109,"keywords":4,"slug":110,"author":7,"ogImage":111,"isBlog":4,"createDate":112,"updateDate":112,"description":113},"ac264b8d3e66438da6607447071ee4c2","Peking Man","homo-erectus-pekinensis","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779777251042_peking-man5.jpg","2026-05-26T15:40:49","Homo erectus (Homo erectus pekinensis) is one of the most important ancient human fossils in China. This article provides a systematic overview of the history of the discovery of Peking Man, its lithic tools, lifestyle, and the issue of fire use, as well as its position in debates surrounding human evolution and the origins of modern East Asians.",{"id":115,"name":116,"keywords":4,"slug":117,"author":7,"ogImage":118,"isBlog":4,"createDate":119,"updateDate":119,"description":120},"3e4128c6ce5045ea9a7832a51bc328a2","Mousterian culture","mousterian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779776644371_mousterian52.jpg","2026-05-26T16:50:41","The Moster culture (Mousterian) was one of the most important stone industries of the Middle Paleolithic, closely related to Neanderthals. This article provides a systematic overview of the origins of the Mousterian culture, Levallois technology, tool assemblage characteristics, major archaeological sites, and its pivotal role in the history of human evolution.",{"id":122,"name":123,"keywords":4,"slug":124,"author":7,"ogImage":125,"isBlog":4,"createDate":126,"updateDate":126,"description":127},"26b859c8750d4187a9b2bc105417dc69","Acheulean culture","acheulean-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779440045036_acheulean52.jpg","2026-05-22T21:28:44","The Acheulean culture represents a major leap in prehistoric human technological development. This article offers a comprehensive exploration of the Mode 2 lithic industry, spanning from 1.7 million to 200,000 years ago, guiding you through the “prehistoric Swiss Army knife”—the hand axe—characterized by bifacial flaking and symmetrical aesthetics, as well as the survival strategies that enabled Homo erectus to colonize regions beyond Africa and Eurasia.",{"id":129,"name":130,"keywords":4,"slug":131,"author":7,"ogImage":132,"isBlog":4,"createDate":133,"updateDate":133,"description":134},"50a46bc8b7d14f758e786476d8dc5b91","Chartres-Péronne culture","chatelperronian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1778835524454_chatelperron32.jpg","2026-05-15T16:43:38","Exploring the Châtelperronian culture of the Upper Paleolithic. As the final cultural testament to the Neanderthals, it illuminates the enigmatic history of two human species—Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans—whose paths converged, competed, and ultimately交融ed in Europe, as evidenced by the points and bone tools from the Fairy Cave site.",{"id":136,"name":137,"keywords":4,"slug":138,"author":7,"ogImage":139,"isBlog":4,"createDate":140,"updateDate":140,"description":141},"cb82ee0915fa4a8b8b6db69cb750d76e","The MRCA of modern humans","most-recent-common-ancestor-of-modern-humans","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276783618_720_1761530294216_The-origin-of-humans32.jpg","2026-02-27T19:08:16","What is the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of modern humans? How is it different from Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam? This article uses popular logic to explain the mystery of the common ancestor of all mankind.",1780647322917]