[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":143},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-first-time-humans-left-africa-en":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"人类第一次走出非洲","first-time-humans-left-africa","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770176027541_beijingren2.jpg","article","2026-02-04T11:33:57","2025-10-13T13:44:53",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"The first human out of Africa","Five human outings from Africa: from Homo erectus 2 million years ago to modern man 80000 years ago","Human out of Africa | Five Great Migration Homo erectus Demanisi Homo-man Human Evolution","Homoerectus,thefirsthumanoutofAfrica,theoriginofman","## Human Journey out of Africa\n\nAlthough we do not know the specific time and method, human beings have been out of Africa again and again and spread to many parts of Eurasia before the emergence of modern people. The human being mentioned here usually refers to the members of the genus Homo, also known as the \"true genus.\n\nThe origin of the genus Progenin was about 2 million years ago or earlier. At present (2024), the earliest fossil of the genus Hominis found to be from East Africa, about 2.8 million years ago (LD 350-1), and the early representative is Homo (Homo habilis), which lasted about 2.4 million -1.4 million years ago. The first human members to leave Africa are usually classified as Homo erectus. Judging from the discovery of paleoanthropological fossils, the era of homo erectus out of Africa and expanding from West Asia to East Asia began as early as 1.8 million years ago.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.26/1760334371011_000124_1704332416531.jpg\" alt=\"编号 OH-7 的能人头骨化石\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nPhoto by \u003Ca href=\"\" target=\"_blank\">Don Hitchcock, donsmaps.com & Smithsonian NMNH\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\nThe picture on the left of the \u003Cp class=\"description\">shows the fossil of the skull of the person named OH-7. It is now housed in the Nairobi National Museum. One of the most complete skulls of this species, pictured on the right, is numbered KNM-ER 1813. However, its cranial capacity is only 510 cubic centimeters. As an independent species, the lower limit of cranial capacity set by the naming is 600 cubic centimeters. However, the high morphological similarity between KNM-ER 1813 and other homo-anthropomorphic specimens has sparked controversy over whether homo-anthropomorphic should be classified as a genus.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nThrough the ancient human fossils and a large number of stone tools unearthed in various places, it can be proved that the diffusion of the genus Homo began as early as 2 million years ago. The migration of human species from Africa can be said to be one of the largest and most far-reaching biological evolution and diffusion events in the history of the earth. This is because, unlike other species, human ancestors were able to adapt to a wide variety of environments and climates and have a profound impact on the environment.\n\nMost of the most significant changes in the species occurred after they left Africa. Based on archaeological and paleontological data, prehistoric historians confirm that there have been at least five major migrations in human history: the first about 2 million -1.8 million years ago, the second about 1.4 million years ago, the third about 800000 years ago, the fourth about 200000 years ago (or earlier), and the fifth about 80000 years ago. The above years are the stage conclusions of some scholars at present and are likely to be revised in the future.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.26/1760334478095_Dmanisi-hominins2.jpg\" alt=\"Dmanisi-hominins\" width=\"60%\"/>\n\u003Cspan>\nImage source: \u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmanisi_hominins\" target=\"_blank\">wikipedia\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">in the direct evidence of the hominin out of Africa, the oldest fossil (2021) was unearthed in the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Dmanisi\" lon=\"44.2036\" lat=\"41.3317\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">demanisi\u003C/span> (Dmanisi) of \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Georgia\" lon=\"43.321\" lat=\"42.5\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Georgia\u003C/span>, known as the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Dmanisi\" lon=\"44.2036\" lat=\"41.3317\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">demanisi\u003C/span> (Dmanisi hominins). It dates back 1.8 million years and includes several complete skulls, as well as some remains of the mandible and other parts of the body. This head portrait is a \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Dmanisi\" lon=\"44.2036\" lat=\"41.3317\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Demanisi\u003C/span> reconstructed by a female individual. Whether this group should belong to the homo erectus or the homo erectus is still controversial. The team that found them even thinks that they should be classified as a separate subspecies. If successful, then it will not be \"homo erectus\" who will come out of Africa for the first time.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nSome members of the genus hominis almost certainly arrived in Asia 2 million years ago, with direct fossil evidence unearthed on islands in both southern China and Southeast Asia. The discovery of multiple species of the genus in these hot climates is further evidence that members of the genus, which left tropical Africa more than 200 million years ago, first settled in warm regions before gradually expanding into temperate regions. For example, the remains of tools and human remains on the Indian island of \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Java Island\" lon=\"111.258\" lat=\"-7.50166\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Java\u003C/span>, \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Nicaea City\" lon=\"29.7211\" lat=\"40.4286\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Nicaea\u003C/span>, date back to 1.6 million years ago.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.26/1760334560161_Java_Man2.jpg\" alt=\"Java_Man\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nImage source: \u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Man\" target=\"_blank\">wikipedia\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">Javanese (Java Man, homo erectus subspecies Javanese) fossils were found in 1891 and 1892 on the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Java Island\" lon=\"111.258\" lat=\"-7.50166\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">island of Java\u003C/span> in \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Nicaea City\" lon=\"29.7211\" lat=\"40.4286\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Nesia\u003C/span>, India. Aged between 1.49 million -700000 years ago, it is the oldest known fossil of homo erectus at that time and is still a type specimen of homo erectus.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.26/1760334727875_beijingren2.jpg\" alt=\"概述图\" width=\"80%\"/>\n\u003Cspan>\nSource: \u003Ca href=\"https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E4%BA%BA/1837\" target=\"_blank\">Baidu Encyclopedia\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">overview of peking man. Beijingers lived between 700000 and 200000 years ago, and the exact age is still controversial. The Peking Man Site in \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Zhoukoudian\" lon=\"115.917\" lat=\"39.7333\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Zhoukoudian\u003C/span> is the most abundant site in the world with unearthed fossils and remains of homo erectus.\n\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nIt should be noted that the migration of prehistoric humans was random and gradual, and there was no \"grand\" purpose, just to survive better. Africa is like a \"pot\" with huge internal pressure, constantly \"hot\" outwards \". As long as conditions permit, human beings will come out of Africa again and again. Of course, there is also the possibility of reverse migration back to Africa. However, we do not know the specific time and route. We can only speculate through factors such as genome (especially ancient \"indigenous people\"), ancient climate and paleogeographic environment (such as global cooling causing sea level drop, sea water freezing, etc.), fossil evidence (direct evidence), and stone evidence (indirect evidence). Therefore,**the so-called\" out of Africa \"is only a rough recovery of major human migratory activities based on the influence of later generations**.\n\n### Extended reading\n\n\u003Ca href=\"/summary/earth-timeline\" target=\"_blank\">Earth Timeline\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"/summary/evolution-of-humans\" target=\"_blank\">human evolution\u003C/a>\n\n## References\n\n\n\n《给智人的极简人类进化史》 [法] 希尔瓦娜·孔戴米 / [法] 弗朗索瓦·萨瓦提埃；李鹏程[译]；海峡书局 2021-07\n\n《人类起源和迁徙之谜》李辉；上海科技教育出版社 2020\n\n《硬核原始人》何叶紫；浙江文艺出版社 2020-11\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/the-origin-of-our-species.html\" target=\"_blank\">The origin of our species\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://www.archaeology.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Archaeology\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/sahelanthropus-tchadensis\" target=\"_blank\">What does it mean to be human?\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n","The ancient fossils unearthed from various places can prove that the expansion of the genus of Man began as early as 2 million years ago. At the latest, 1.8 million years ago, the first time that the man's subordinate, the erectus, came out of Africa. It can be said that this is one of the largest geological and historical events in the history of the earth.","The first human out of Africa: Homo erectus 1.8 million years ago","At the latest, 1.8 million years ago, the first time that the man's subordinate, the erectus, came out of Africa. This is one of the largest geological and historical events in the history of the earth. Let's learn about this story.","en",0.7,[24,32,39,47,55,62,69,76,83,90,98,106,113,120,128,136],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":30,"description":31},"47281d4cfe6e440e97e2ca10729e61f6","Homo erectus","homo-eractus","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770175824343_000124_1709605257579.jpg","2023-11-23T15:48:07","2026-03-12T10:23:51","Homo erectus, which existed about 1.8 million to 200000 years ago, is a critical and successful species in the history of human evolution. Their body proportions are close to those of modern people. They can systematically use fire and make complex tools. They not only created the Acheri culture, but also made human beings walk out of Africa for the first time, which can be called a milestone in the evolution of the human genus.",{"id":33,"name":34,"keywords":4,"slug":35,"author":7,"ogImage":36,"isBlog":4,"createDate":37,"updateDate":30,"description":38},"78c2c5b3365e4a22a305d08771815f1c","Genus","homo","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770175703118_1764295418266_Homo_ergaster_American_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg","2024-01-04T09:47:05","\"Human\" is only a term in the traditional sense, and from a genealogical point of view, it is very imprecise. In a narrow sense, human beings refer to all the people who have existed in history so far. However, human beings in biological taxonomy refer to \"human genus\", or \"true genus\". There are 17 known species, and modern people are only one of them.",{"id":40,"name":41,"keywords":4,"slug":42,"author":7,"ogImage":43,"isBlog":4,"createDate":44,"updateDate":45,"description":46},"650fb920a825478aba09b4410abf55ab","Recent common ancestor based on chromosomes 1-22","most-recent-common-ancestor-chromosome","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276375616_720_1761526548499_Chromosomal-fragment-recombination.jpg","2026-02-26T22:20:53","2026-02-26T22:21:27","Interpreting the recent common ancestor of human autosomes 1-22 from a genomic perspective, explaining DNA recombination, mutation and ancestral fragment inheritance, and popularizing the common ancestor time in the sense of human genetics.",{"id":48,"name":49,"keywords":4,"slug":50,"author":7,"ogImage":51,"isBlog":4,"createDate":52,"updateDate":53,"description":54},"5238590091ac4fbc9f8cd7c06b109323","Afa Australopithecus","australopithecus-afarensis","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770175627090_000124_1714358823400.jpg","2026-02-25T16:00:00","2026-03-09T12:19:43","Australopithecus Afa is a vital species in the history of early human evolution. It lived in Africa more than 300 million years ago. The most famous representative is the fossil skeleton called \"Lucy\". She is also jokingly called \"The grandmother of mankind\", behind her is the \"first family\" of mankind \".",{"id":56,"name":57,"keywords":4,"slug":58,"author":7,"ogImage":59,"isBlog":4,"createDate":60,"updateDate":60,"description":61},"ac264b8d3e66438da6607447071ee4c2","Peking Man","homo-erectus-pekinensis","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779777251042_peking-man5.jpg","2026-05-26T15:40:49","Homo erectus (Homo erectus pekinensis) is one of the most important ancient human fossils in China. This article provides a systematic overview of the history of the discovery of Peking Man, its lithic tools, lifestyle, and the issue of fire use, as well as its position in debates surrounding human evolution and the origins of modern East Asians.",{"id":63,"name":64,"keywords":4,"slug":65,"author":7,"ogImage":66,"isBlog":4,"createDate":67,"updateDate":67,"description":68},"3e4128c6ce5045ea9a7832a51bc328a2","Mousterian culture","mousterian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779776644371_mousterian52.jpg","2026-05-26T16:50:41","The Moster culture (Mousterian) was one of the most important stone industries of the Middle Paleolithic, closely related to Neanderthals. This article provides a systematic overview of the origins of the Mousterian culture, Levallois technology, tool assemblage characteristics, major archaeological sites, and its pivotal role in the history of human evolution.",{"id":70,"name":71,"keywords":4,"slug":72,"author":7,"ogImage":73,"isBlog":4,"createDate":74,"updateDate":74,"description":75},"26b859c8750d4187a9b2bc105417dc69","Acheulean culture","acheulean-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779440045036_acheulean52.jpg","2026-05-22T21:28:44","The Acheulean culture represents a major leap in prehistoric human technological development. This article offers a comprehensive exploration of the Mode 2 lithic industry, spanning from 1.7 million to 200,000 years ago, guiding you through the “prehistoric Swiss Army knife”—the hand axe—characterized by bifacial flaking and symmetrical aesthetics, as well as the survival strategies that enabled Homo erectus to colonize regions beyond Africa and Eurasia.",{"id":77,"name":78,"keywords":4,"slug":79,"author":7,"ogImage":80,"isBlog":4,"createDate":81,"updateDate":81,"description":82},"cb82ee0915fa4a8b8b6db69cb750d76e","The MRCA of modern humans","most-recent-common-ancestor-of-modern-humans","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276783618_720_1761530294216_The-origin-of-humans32.jpg","2026-02-27T19:08:16","What is the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of modern humans? How is it different from Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam? This article uses popular logic to explain the mystery of the common ancestor of all mankind.",{"id":84,"name":85,"keywords":4,"slug":86,"author":7,"ogImage":87,"isBlog":4,"createDate":88,"updateDate":30,"description":89},"dc3c57ca41ee45f8858842605c3045e6","The Hobbit Extinction","extinction-of-hobbits","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276601930_720_1761974884022_Homo_floresiensis_cave.jpg","2023-11-23T16:27:59","Who were the Flores (Hobbits)? Why were they short? When did they become extinct? This article describes the fossils, evolution and extinction of this mysterious dwarf human.\n",{"id":91,"name":92,"keywords":4,"slug":93,"author":7,"ogImage":94,"isBlog":4,"createDate":95,"updateDate":96,"description":97},"f94253e20113427385837238315d21c8","Modern man in the sense of anatomy","anatomically-modern-humans","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276414249_720_1762690305711_Anatomically-modern-humans.jpg","2026-02-26T22:41:52","2026-02-26T22:43:27","What is modern man in the sense of anatomy? This paper systematically introduces the origin and characteristics of late Homo sapiens from the definition, key fossils (Jebel Iro, Omo, Herto), age and evolutionary diffusion.\n",{"id":99,"name":100,"keywords":4,"slug":101,"author":7,"ogImage":102,"isBlog":4,"createDate":103,"updateDate":104,"description":105},"c63210efa56b4a2cb684376254bdc611","The Birth of Mankind","human-origin","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770170182584_1760324824811_the-origin-of-our-species2.jpg","2026-02-25T00:25:33","2026-02-26T16:38:25","Human beings used to think that they were very \"advanced\" and different, a special existence created by \"gods\" according to their own image or preferences, but since the era when Darwin published the Origin of species, people's traditional cognition of the origin of life has been subverted. Now we know that the history of mankind is not long, only about 7 million years.",{"id":107,"name":108,"keywords":4,"slug":109,"author":7,"ogImage":110,"isBlog":4,"createDate":111,"updateDate":111,"description":112},"f7684aff24744766b9849f56b04617f2","Longshan Culture","longshan-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1780474978266_longshan-culture8.jpg","2026-06-05T15:10:49","The Longshan Culture is one of the most important archaeological cultures of the Late Neolithic period in China, dating from approximately 4,500 to 4,000 years ago. This article systematically examines the origins and geographical distribution of the Longshan Culture, its black‑ware pottery techniques, social stratification, the emergence of proto‑writing, prehistoric urban sites, and its relationship with the Erlitou Culture of the Xia Dynasty, thereby illuminating a crucial phase in the formation of Chinese civilization.",{"id":114,"name":115,"keywords":4,"slug":116,"author":7,"ogImage":117,"isBlog":4,"createDate":118,"updateDate":118,"description":119},"a5e600c3d725475595abfd581b704176","Hongshan Culture","hongshan-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1780389885606_hongshan-culture62.jpg","2026-06-02T20:46:01","Hongshan Culture is one of the most important late Neolithic archaeological cultures in northern China, renowned for the Niuheliang site, the Goddess Temple, the cairn tombs, and its exquisite jade artifacts. This article provides a systematic overview of the Hongshan Culture, covering its chronological framework, geographical distribution, agricultural practices, jade-crafting traditions, and its pivotal significance for research on the origins of Chinese civilization.",{"id":121,"name":122,"keywords":4,"slug":123,"author":7,"ogImage":124,"isBlog":4,"createDate":125,"updateDate":126,"description":127},"d90a829e9d7e4138af470f7451aa5107","Tutankhamun","tutankhamen","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278680370_720_000176_1762998682805_000176_1710122449266.jpg","2026-03-04T12:42:48","2026-03-04T16:54:16","Tutankhamun is the most famous pharaoh in ancient Egypt. It is not because of his achievements, but because of his unstolen KV62 tomb and gold mask that shocked the world and solved many mysteries of the 18th dynasty of ancient Egypt.",{"id":129,"name":130,"keywords":4,"slug":131,"author":7,"ogImage":132,"isBlog":4,"createDate":133,"updateDate":134,"description":135},"8f6adef1f3eb4d62ad48ffd2897d9ba0","Y chromosome Adam","y-chromosomal-adam","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276518548_720_1763566058169_y-chromosomal-adam.jpg","2026-02-27T00:04:54","2026-03-04T22:24:49","What is Y chromosome Adam? This article explains the paternal inheritance of Y chromosome, molecular clock age, African origin of 120000 year, and the difference between it and mitochondrial Eve.",{"id":137,"name":138,"keywords":4,"slug":139,"author":7,"ogImage":140,"isBlog":4,"createDate":141,"updateDate":141,"description":142},"f77439bc374d47d6a738373cc900017a","The founding of the city of Carthage","establishment-of-carthage","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283657313_720_1765467646917_Dido.jpg","2026-03-08T22:24:07","In the 9th century BC, the Phoenician princess Dido founded Carthage in North Africa. This paper examines how Carthage evolved from a refuge trading post into the most powerful commercial empire in the Mediterranean, explores the context of the conflict between Punic culture and Greek colonists, and analyzes how Carthage came to be Rome’s destined rival.",1780647327619]