[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":147},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-domestication-of-dogs-en":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"狗的驯化","domestication-of-dogs","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276806239_720_1761533583097_Domestication_of_the_dog52.jpg","article","2026-02-05T15:33:32","2025-10-24T21:23:30",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"Domestication of dogs","Domestication of the dog: the formation of the species does not take long","Domestication of the Dog | The First Animals Domesticated by Humans: Origin, Time, Evolution, and Genes","dogdomestication,GTF2I,GTF2IRD1,prehistory","## The first animal domesticated by man\n\nAs hunter-gatherer societies matured, the first animal domesticated by man was supposed to be a dog. The domestication of dogs is a long and complicated process. Its exact age and location are still the topic of debate in the scientific community. Great History Online temporarily defines this key time node as about 28000 years ago.\n\nAccording to archaeology and genetics, all domestic dogs in the world were domesticated by gray wolves, a process that took place between 40000 and 15000 years ago. Dog skulls have been found in a number of cave sites from this period, most notably in the Razboinichya Cave in the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Razboinichya\" lon=\"84.4667\" lat=\"51.3\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">Altai\u003C/span> Mountains of Siberia and the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Goyet Cave\" lon=\"5.00889\" lat=\"50.4467\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">Goyet Cave\u003C/span> in Belgium. The fossils in these two caves can be traced back to more than 30000 years ago, which is earlier than the Gravitt culture and should belong to the Oreina culture period.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.27/1761532923117_Domestication_of_the_dog2.jpg\" alt=\"Domestication_of_the_dog\" width=\"80%\"/>\n\u003Cspan>\nImage source: \u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_dog\" target=\"_blank\">wikipedia\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">\"Altai dog\" (Altai dog) skull, about 33300 years ago, was unearthed in Razboinichya cave in the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Razboinichya\" lon=\"84.4667\" lat=\"51.3\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">Altai Mountains\u003C/span> of Siberia, about 33000 years ago. Mitochondrial DNA analysis found that it was closely related to the domestic dog and belonged to a now-extinct lineage, derived from an equally extinct population of small wolves.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.27/1761532968296_Domestication_of_the_dog3.png\" alt=\"Domestication_of_the_dog\" width=\"80%\"/>\n\u003Cspan>\nImage source: \u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_dog\" target=\"_blank\">wikipedia\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\nA right maxilla found in a \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Kesslerloch Cave\" lon=\"8.6945\" lat=\"47.7458\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">Kesslerloch cave\u003C/span> in Switzerland,\u003Cp class=\"description\">, dates back about 14500 years, and researchers believe it belongs to an early domestic dog.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nHow can scientists be sure that the remains belong to dogs and not wolves? The answer lies in the DNA.\n\n**Wolf-to-dog evolution is essentially a directed change in genetic traits**. From the perspective of external morphology, the main changes include: skull reduction, tail and ear changes, shorter limbs, hair morphology changes, and the most critical aggressiveness is reduced, and relatives are enhanced. But deeper changes occur at the genetic level. A 2017 study found that among 29 genes known to affect canine sociability, GTF2I and GTF2IRD1 may be the key to dogs' extraordinary sociability, which is an important basis for their long-term symbiosis with humans. In addition, genetic changes have also given domestic dogs the ability to digest starchy foods, which has become a necessary prerequisite for them to adapt to the structure of human food and become human partners.\n\n## Domestication site\n\nThe origin of dogs is also a long-standing controversial issue and a topic of interest to everyone, but it is also not easy to answer. Early studies have proposed East Asian and European origins, while recent genomic studies have shown that modern domestic dogs may have originated from two separate wolf populations, one from Asia and the Middle East during the Ice Age. Of course, it is also possible that dog domestication occurred independently in multiple locations.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.27/1761533502437_Domestication_of_the_dog42.jpg\" alt=\"Domestication_of_the_dog\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nImage source: \u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_dog\" target=\"_blank\">wikipedia\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">Rock painting depicting two dogs hunting goats, found in \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Tassili Cave\" lon=\"5\" lat=\"26.3333\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Tasili Cave\u003C/span> in the Sahara Desert (Tassili Cave), about 8000 years ago.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.27/1761533583097_Domestication_of_the_dog52.jpg\" alt=\"Domestication_of_the_dog\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nImage source: \u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_dog\" target=\"_blank\">wikipedia\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">is a watercolor copy by an archaeologist depicting an early canine from a rock painting in the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Font de Gaume\" lon=\"1.02667\" lat=\"44.9369\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">Font de Gaume cave\u003C/span> in France. An ancient ancestor left his own work 19000 years ago, and this belongs to the Magdrin cultural period defined by archaeologists.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nDog domestication should be a mutually beneficial symbiotic evolutionary process, rather than a single event in which humans actively capture and force domesticate wolves. This process likely began when some wolves began to forage near human camps, picking up food scraps discarded by humans. Individuals who are more docile and less aggressive to humans are more likely to get food near humans, and thus have a higher survival and reproductive advantage.\n\nOver time, humans have become aware of the value of these \"camp wolves\": their presence can serve as an early warning and may assist humans in hunting, such as tracking and rounding up prey. In this process, humans may begin to consciously select and nurture more docile pups, and conduct social training to strengthen their dependence and closeness to humans.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.27/1761533714878_wolf-in-Kekexili.png\" alt=\"wolf-in-Kekexili\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nImage source: \u003Ca href=\"https://news.cctv.com/2024/10/26/ARTIdKkgRt75i7DUHn6G4Cyl241026.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">news.cctv\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">the \"net red wolf\" of \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Hoh Xil\" lon=\"90.01\" lat=\"34.567\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Hoh Xil\u003C/span> \". Perhaps due to the feeding of passers-by, from 2023 onwards, wolves specially \"begging\" for food from human beings have appeared on National Highway 109 crossing \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Hoh Xil\" lon=\"90.01\" lat=\"34.567\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Hoh Xil\u003C/span>. Some individuals even have the behavior of approaching domestic dogs such as wagging their tails and showing their bellies.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>From the \"camp wolf\" to the real domestic dog, this transition is also a gradual process, experiencing the combined effect of natural selection and human intervention. Under natural selection, those wolves that are more suitable for coexistence with humans gain a survival advantage; under human intervention, humans continuously screen out offspring with specific behavioral and morphological characteristics by controlling the reproduction of these primitive canines. As human societies shifted from hunter-gatherer to settler agriculture, dogs' roles also became more diverse, such as guarding livestock and protecting property. These new societal demands further strengthened the screening for different traits that eventually led to the modern canine breed, as well as the great diversity of the species. Domestication not only changed dog behavior, but also brought about morphological and physiological changes: shorter mouth and nose, smaller brain volume, and higher prosociality. In the end, the dog evolved step by step from the gray wolf to the most loyal partner of human beings, deeply integrated into human society, until today.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.27/1761533841838_Hawaiian_Poi_Dog2.jpg\" alt=\"Hawaiian_Poi_Dog\" width=\"80%\"/>\n\u003Cspan>\nImage source: \u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Poi_Dog\" target=\"_blank\">wikipedia\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">ancient pet petroglyphs on the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Hawaii Island\" lon=\"-155.5\" lat=\"19.5667\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">island of Hawaii\u003C/span> depicting a local breed of dog known as the \"Hawaiian Cassava Dog\" (Hawaiian Poi Dog, Poi Dog), the name comes from the fact that they can digest cassava. As a kind of livestock domesticated by humans, and also food when necessary, their ancestors migrated to the deepest part of the Pacific Ocean with the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Nicaea City\" lon=\"29.7211\" lat=\"40.4286\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Polynesians\u003C/span>.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.27/1761533928732_Dog2.jpg\" alt=\"Dogs\" width=\"80%\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nImage source: \u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog\" target=\"_blank\">wikipedia\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">all dogs today belong to the same species and are descendants of gray wolves. Their most recent common ancestor is no more than 20000 years old and there is no reproductive isolation between them. Dogs change very fast, and the body size differences between some different breeds can be as high as dozens of times. Obviously, this far exceeds the appearance differences within modern people and between different \"geographical species. We used to think that the world and species are \"eternal\", which is actually an illusion caused by our short life; only science and the spirit of exploration can make human beings see further.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nThe improvement of modern breeding technology has also greatly accelerated the differentiation of new \"dog breeds. Many of the dog breeds we know today were actually bred in the last 150 to 200 years; including bullhead terriers, Scottish shepherds, dachshunds, pugs, etc., most of them were born in the Victorian era in the 19th century. The so-called \"purebred dogs\" that many people flock to are likely to be malformations caused by the reproduction of close relatives, and their offspring have a high probability of suffering from diseases due to genetic defects.\n\nThis also shows once again: * * in the biological world, there is no absolute sense of the so-called \"perfect, pure\" blood * *.\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n## References\n\n\n\n《给智人的极简人类进化史》 [法] 希尔瓦娜·孔戴米 / [法] 弗朗索瓦·萨瓦提埃；李鹏程[译]；海峡书局 2021-07\n\n《人类六万年：基因中的人类历史》张振 李辉；文化发展出版社 2019-09\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_dog\" target=\"_blank\">Domestication of the dog\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog\" target=\"_blank\">Dog\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://news.cctv.com/2024/10/26/ARTIdKkgRt75i7DUHn6G4Cyl241026.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Hoh Xil\" lon=\"90.01\" lat=\"34.567\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">可可西里\u003C/span>“网红狼”调查 爱就别投喂 “不打扰”是最好保护\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n","Dog is the first animal domesticated by human beings. What kind of process did it go through from gray wolf to domestic dog? When and where did it originate? This paper systematically explains the domestication history, archaeological evidence and genetic truth of dog.","Domestication of the Dog: Man's Earliest Animal Companion, Ten Thousand Years of Evolution from Wolf to Dog","30000 years ago, wolves began to approach humans; within tens of thousands of years, they became loyal dogs. A text to understand the history of the origin of human and dog symbiosis.","en",0.7,[24,31,39,47,55,63,70,77,85,93,101,109,116,123,131,139],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":29,"description":30},"a6ba6edf177e46d1a6a29093808c3d50","The emergence of metal products in the Americas","earliest-metal-artifacts-in-peru-appeared","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277962517_720_1764053945703_Jiska2002.jpg","2026-03-05T14:18:52","Around 2000 BC, the earliest metal products in the Americas appeared in Peru, mainly gold and copper ornaments, with gold necklaces from Jiskairumoko ruins as key evidence. At the same time, the Maya entered the early pre-classical period.",{"id":32,"name":33,"keywords":4,"slug":34,"author":7,"ogImage":35,"isBlog":4,"createDate":36,"updateDate":37,"description":38},"3430c1759ae64ef28ee275be703e3ff7","Marta-Bret culture","malta-buret-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276830881_720_1761535507344_Princess_of_Xiaohe2.jpg","2026-02-27T20:07:01","2026-03-04T22:12:43","What is the Marta-Brett culture? Who were the ancient northern Eurasian people (ANE)? This article explains this 24000-year-old Siberian culture, its genetic contributions, and its relationship with the Little River Princess.",{"id":40,"name":41,"keywords":4,"slug":42,"author":7,"ogImage":43,"isBlog":4,"createDate":44,"updateDate":45,"description":46},"15e0df576bbc43d88d2498755e8f8c87","Late Paleolithic Revolution","upper-paleolithic-revolution","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276687125_720_1760335975390_Palm2.jpg","2026-02-25T20:16:43","2026-02-28T16:28:26","About 50000 years ago, our race experienced something very special: just as Athena in Greek mythology injected soul into mankind, mankind suddenly possessed unprecedented figurative artistic creativity. This event, known as the \"Late Paleolithic Revolution\", is a watershed in the history of human evolution.",{"id":48,"name":49,"keywords":4,"slug":50,"author":7,"ogImage":51,"isBlog":4,"createDate":52,"updateDate":53,"description":54},"37fb4d2375284b3a9b4176a9419a9ced","Orina Culture","aurignacian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276727955_720_1760411643106_rhinos-chauvet-cave.jpg","2026-02-27T11:05:34","2026-03-04T22:19:11","What is Aorina culture? Age, distribution, tools, murals and sculptures (Chauvius Caves, Lions, Hochler Fellows Venus).",{"id":56,"name":57,"keywords":4,"slug":58,"author":7,"ogImage":59,"isBlog":4,"createDate":60,"updateDate":61,"description":62},"56d7cb86a53c4401aeeff2c9fd93f6b5","Gravitt Culture","gravettian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276753186_720_1762675867705_Venus_of_Brassempouy.jpg","2026-02-27T13:38:11","2026-03-04T22:21:42","What is Gravitt culture? Age, tools, Venus statues, Songgil tombs, Dorny Vestonietzsche ruins, one article to understand the glorious culture of European prehistory.\n",{"id":64,"name":65,"keywords":4,"slug":66,"author":7,"ogImage":67,"isBlog":4,"createDate":68,"updateDate":68,"description":69},"67bdd9ec9ed94af1a05060ee9b536525","Jōmon culture","jomon-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779869915894_jomon-culture.jpg","2026-05-27T22:08:32","The Jōmon Culture is the longest-lasting prehistoric culture in the Japanese archipelago, renowned for its cord-marked pottery, flame-patterned ceramics, and enigmatic clay figurines. This article provides a systematic overview of Jōmon culture, covering its chronological framework, social organization, artistic traditions, the origins of the Jōmon people, and their relationship to modern Japanese.",{"id":71,"name":72,"keywords":4,"slug":73,"author":7,"ogImage":74,"isBlog":4,"createDate":75,"updateDate":75,"description":76},"4c5c07a38ee646688b1917110cb09598","Chengtoushan, China’s earliest city","earliest-citie-in-china","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277030867_720_000124_1711414904136.jpg","2026-02-28T01:05:28","The ancient city of Chengtou Mountain, about 6300 years ago, is the earliest known city in China and belongs to the Daxi culture. This article describes the archaeological discoveries of its age, city walls, rice farming, houses and tombs.",{"id":78,"name":79,"keywords":4,"slug":80,"author":7,"ogImage":81,"isBlog":4,"createDate":82,"updateDate":83,"description":84},"6964d3585c484e9992c13df47ab89f63","The earliest copper ore experiment","earliest-metallurgical-experiments","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277004934_720_1762739010884_Diyarbakır32.jpg","2026-02-28T00:54:22","2026-03-04T22:24:03","When did the earliest human metallurgical experiments begin? How did malachite, fire and pottery technology lead to copper smelting? This article introduces the technological revolution from copper ore to the Bronze Age.\n",{"id":86,"name":87,"keywords":4,"slug":88,"author":7,"ogImage":89,"isBlog":4,"createDate":90,"updateDate":91,"description":92},"ab79c75d543241bab8ca314d00c981c0","Jericho, the first walled city in human history.","jericho-first-city-with-wall","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276977877_720_1762316667873_Jericho52.jpg","2026-02-28T00:34:28","2026-02-28T00:37:54","Jericho is the world's earliest walled city, more than ten thousand years ago. This paper systematically introduces the archaeological truth of the Talsudan site, the former pottery neolithic culture, the stone tower, the city wall and the biblical story.",{"id":94,"name":95,"keywords":4,"slug":96,"author":7,"ogImage":97,"isBlog":4,"createDate":98,"updateDate":99,"description":100},"634c89277e8b44548fdd77457621def0","Gobekli Tepe","gobekli-tepe","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276927213_720_1761552687193_Bobekli_Tepe62.jpg","2026-02-27T21:36:46","2026-03-04T22:22:19","What is Göbekli Tepe? Its dating, structure, carvings, builders, and significance. This article introduces the oldest large-scale religious site, predating the pyramids and overturning our understanding of human prehistory.",{"id":102,"name":103,"keywords":4,"slug":104,"author":7,"ogImage":105,"isBlog":4,"createDate":106,"updateDate":107,"description":108},"f04ff6cc20b3488dacfcbe9207617d3a","The earliest modern humans outside Africa","earliest-modern-humans-outside-africa","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276488308_720_1760335068948_Misliya.jpg","2026-02-26T23:51:57","2026-03-04T22:28:04","Where are the earliest modern fossils outside Africa and how many years ago? This article introduces key sites such as Kafze and Misria, and combs the real timeline of modern people coming out of Africa.\n",{"id":110,"name":111,"keywords":4,"slug":112,"author":7,"ogImage":113,"isBlog":4,"createDate":114,"updateDate":114,"description":115},"f7684aff24744766b9849f56b04617f2","Longshan Culture","longshan-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1780474978266_longshan-culture8.jpg","2026-06-05T15:10:49","The Longshan Culture is one of the most important archaeological cultures of the Late Neolithic period in China, dating from approximately 4,500 to 4,000 years ago. This article systematically examines the origins and geographical distribution of the Longshan Culture, its black‑ware pottery techniques, social stratification, the emergence of proto‑writing, prehistoric urban sites, and its relationship with the Erlitou Culture of the Xia Dynasty, thereby illuminating a crucial phase in the formation of Chinese civilization.",{"id":117,"name":118,"keywords":4,"slug":119,"author":7,"ogImage":120,"isBlog":4,"createDate":121,"updateDate":121,"description":122},"a5e600c3d725475595abfd581b704176","Hongshan Culture","hongshan-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1780389885606_hongshan-culture62.jpg","2026-06-02T20:46:01","Hongshan Culture is one of the most important late Neolithic archaeological cultures in northern China, renowned for the Niuheliang site, the Goddess Temple, the cairn tombs, and its exquisite jade artifacts. This article provides a systematic overview of the Hongshan Culture, covering its chronological framework, geographical distribution, agricultural practices, jade-crafting traditions, and its pivotal significance for research on the origins of Chinese civilization.",{"id":124,"name":125,"keywords":4,"slug":126,"author":7,"ogImage":127,"isBlog":4,"createDate":128,"updateDate":129,"description":130},"47281d4cfe6e440e97e2ca10729e61f6","Homo erectus","homo-eractus","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770175824343_000124_1709605257579.jpg","2023-11-23T15:48:07","2026-03-12T10:23:51","Homo erectus, which existed about 1.8 million to 200000 years ago, is a critical and successful species in the history of human evolution. Their body proportions are close to those of modern people. They can systematically use fire and make complex tools. They not only created the Acheri culture, but also made human beings walk out of Africa for the first time, which can be called a milestone in the evolution of the human genus.",{"id":132,"name":133,"keywords":4,"slug":134,"author":7,"ogImage":135,"isBlog":4,"createDate":136,"updateDate":137,"description":138},"d90a829e9d7e4138af470f7451aa5107","Tutankhamun","tutankhamen","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278680370_720_000176_1762998682805_000176_1710122449266.jpg","2026-03-04T12:42:48","2026-03-04T16:54:16","Tutankhamun is the most famous pharaoh in ancient Egypt. It is not because of his achievements, but because of his unstolen KV62 tomb and gold mask that shocked the world and solved many mysteries of the 18th dynasty of ancient Egypt.",{"id":140,"name":141,"keywords":4,"slug":142,"author":7,"ogImage":143,"isBlog":4,"createDate":144,"updateDate":145,"description":146},"8f6adef1f3eb4d62ad48ffd2897d9ba0","Y chromosome Adam","y-chromosomal-adam","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276518548_720_1763566058169_y-chromosomal-adam.jpg","2026-02-27T00:04:54","2026-03-04T22:24:49","What is Y chromosome Adam? This article explains the paternal inheritance of Y chromosome, molecular clock age, African origin of 120000 year, and the difference between it and mitochondrial Eve.",1780647326543]