[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":143},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-divergence-neanderthals-denisovans-homo-sapiens-en":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"现代人的演化出现","divergence-neanderthals-denisovans-homo-sapiens","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276305930_720_000124_1704330139624.jpg","article","2026-06-05T11:20:16","2023-11-23T15:49:40",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"The Evolution of Modern Man","Neanderthals: Our nearest ancient human relative, the evolutionary code behind the 30000-year extinction","Neanderthal Homo neanderthalensis | Ancient Human Evolution Gene Hybridization Le Valouwa Technology","humanevolutionaryhistory,lateHomosapiens,Denisovans,Neanderthals,modernhumans","### Neanderthals (Homo Neanderthalensis)\n\nNeanderthals (Homo Neanderthalensis) are an ancient human group that lived in Europe and Western Asia about 120000 to 30000 years ago. They belong to a type of early Homo sapiens. They are due to their fossils found in the Neanderthal (Neander) valley in Germany. But the earliest discovery of Neanderthal fossils was in 1829, located in Belgium. Although Neanderthals were extinct, they were certainly one of the closest relatives of our modern humans (late Homo sapiens).\n\nAccording to the mainstream \"late recent origin theory\" (compared with another influential theory, that is, \"multi origin theory\", the two disagree with the evolutionary path of Homo sapiens), about 770000 to 550000 years ago, the ancestors of modern people and Neanderthals began to differentiate. According to their skeletal and ancient DNA analysis, about 430000 years ago, Neanderthal ancestors began to evolve in Europe. About 300000 years ago (that is, the Eurasian Middle Paleolithic), anatomically modern humans began to appear in Africa. About 200000 years later (about 100000 years ago), in the Near East (such as Israel now) These distant ancestors of ours can already be seen. From skeletons unearthed in Israel, it is known that by about 70000 years ago, Neanderthals began to leave Europe and expand to the east and south. 50000 years ago, modern humans began to spread out from Africa and the Near East, resulting in a large-scale encounter between the ancestors of late Homo sapiens and Neanderthals; in the following 10,000 years, there was a fusion between the two, as evidenced by the evidence found in Romania. About 30000 years ago, as an independent human species, Neanderthals, one of our ancestors, went extinct.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/s00016/000124_1704329995033.jpeg\" alt=\"Homo Neanderthalensis\" width=\"90%\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nSource: The Australian Museum\n\u003C/span>\nThe \u003Cp class=\"description\">Neanderthal skull was unearthed in the Borbe quarry in Gibraltar in 1848 and is the first Neanderthal skull to be found. It is not yet possible to accurately determine its age. This skull is also one of the most well-preserved Neanderthal skulls and may be of a woman.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nWith regard to Neanderthals, one view is to regard them as our (late Homo sapiens) cousins, believing that they represent another independent branch that evolved from the ancients. We evolved in Africa, they evolved in Eurasia and Middle East. In some ways, the Neanderthals were more like the Heidelbergs or pioneers than we are, and they probably diverged earlier than us, perhaps 500000 years ago or even earlier.\n\nKey features of Neanderthals include a wide mid-face, sloping cheek bones, and a wide nose, used to adapt to a variety of air environments and climates. Their bodies are slightly smaller and stout than ours, which may be another adaptation to the cold environment. However, relative to their stronger bodies, their brains are as large as ours, or even larger, averaging 1200-1750 cubic centimeters.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/s00016/000124_1704330038208.jpeg\" alt=\"Homo Neanderthalensis\" width=\"70%\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nSource: The Australian Museum\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">this frontal reconstruction shows some of the unique features of the Neanderthal skull, including a relatively flat and receding forehead, a prominent middle facial area, a thick and round brow ridge, and a large, round orbit (orbit).\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nNeanderthals lived in shelters and were able to make and use a variety of complex tools, as well as control fire sources. They sew and wear clothing made of animal skins, are better at hunting large animals, and also eat various plants (fecal fossil analysis results). They also make symbolic or decorative objects. There is evidence that Neanderthals intentionally buried their dead, sometimes even marking their graves with offerings such as flowers. Neanderthals buried the dead individually or in groups, and also cared for sick or injured people. Animals used as sacrifices are often found along with human skeletons, suggesting that they may have begun to practice some primitive religions, which may be an over-association of archaeologists. Regardless, no other primate and early human species ever engaged in such sophisticated symbolic behavior.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/s00016/000124_1704330084476.webp\" alt=\"Homo Neanderthalensis\" width=\"70%\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nPhoto by: Smithsonian NMNH\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">European Neanderthals about 200000 years ago had to endure cold winters and even ice ages. The short and wide stature helped retain body heat and was therefore useful in the cold environments inhabited by Neanderthals. The lower limbs and lower femurs in this Neanderthal skeleton are shorter than the upper limbs and upper femurs, a feature that reduces heat loss. This specimen was obtained by reference to two different Neanderthal fossils and reconstruction.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nNo one knows whether they use complex language, but if they don't have language, it must be a very strange thing. There are indications that there may have been a two-way flow of technology between Neanderthals and modern humans, but perhaps these interactions only had to be done through imitation. Both make stone tools using a technique known as Levallois, which requires considerable cognitive skill and physical dexterity.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/s00016/000124_1709604669119.png\" alt=\"Levallois\" width=\"80%\"  />\n\u003Cspan>\nImage source: \u003Ca href=\"https://www.science20.com/news_articles/levallois_technique_rethink_stone_age_tools_not_african_invention-145703\" target=\"_blank\">science20\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">Levalow wow (Levallois) stone tools. After all, this is the ancient human handmade products, the academic definition of its is not very uniform, but in the basic characteristics are consistent, that is, the systematic trimming of the prefabricated stone core, from the nuclear body to peel off the regular stone, reflecting a kind of planning, predictability and skilled control of technology. The production of this tool is not simple. If you don't believe it, you can try to make one.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nAs modern humans spread out of Africa, our ancestors' regions of activity began to overlap with those of Neanderthals, first in the Middle East about 100000 years ago, then in Western Asia and Europe. Modern humans entered Europe about 45000 years ago, and not long after that, about 40000 years ago, Neanderthals essentially disappeared from the fossil record.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/s00016/000124_1704330139624.png\" alt=\"Neanderthalensis\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nCredit: Don Hitchcock, donsmaps.com & Neanderthal Museum\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">this is a delightful photo from the Neanderthal Museum in Mettmann, Germany, a girl and a Neanderthal model.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nThe extinction of Neanderthals was long enough to raise speculation that late Homo sapiens caused the extinction of Neanderthals, possibly through slaughter or competition, perhaps both. But recent studies after extracting DNA from several Neanderthal remains have shown that Neanderthals in Western Europe had a sudden decline in genetic diversity before the arrival of late Homo sapiens, timed to coincide with a period of extreme cold. Therefore, the size of this population itself also has a large fluctuation.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/s00016/000124_1704330192646.jpg\" alt=\"Neanderthalensis\" width=\"80%\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nCredit: Don Hitchcock, donsmaps.com & Neanderthal Museum\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">a display scene from the Neanderthal Museum in Mettmann (Mettmann), Germany. Neanderthals managed to survive the endless cold of the Ice Age by using fur and fire.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nDNA sequencing now suggests that there must have been multiple crosses between us and Neanderthals. Further analysis showed that the time of hybridization should have been between 60000 and 50000 years ago, which always seems to be reminiscent of the time when modern humans (late Homo sapiens) came out of Africa. A modern European contains, on average, 1.2 percent Neanderthal DNA, while modern Asians have about 1.4 percent. Scholars had previously believed that indigenous Africans should not contain any Neanderthal genes, but in February 2020, a research team at Princeton University found through a new genetic analysis that Africans also generally carry Neanderthal genes. This is not because the latter has arrived in Africa, but in a very recent period, modern people in the Near East have interbred with Neanderthals, and then indirectly brought Neanderthal genes back to Africa.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/s00016/000124_1709604747917.png\" alt=\"Neanderthalensis\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nSource: The Story of Human Origins\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">proportions of present-day humans in different regions carry Neanderthal ancestry. Note that all black means 2 percent, not 100 percent.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nSince the genetic regions from Neanderthals carried by modern humans do not overlap completely, if we add up, we probably carry up to 40% of the total Neanderthal genome, scattered among different modern human populations.\n\nGenetically, the Neanderthals were not extinct. They are just a \"weaker\" ancestor of modern people tens of thousands of years ago.\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/s00016/000124_1709604818349.png\" alt=\"Neanderthalensis\" width=\"90%\"/>\n\u003Cspan>\nPhoto by \u003Ca href=\"https://www.biologie-seite.de/News/Neandertaler_haben_m%C3%A4nnliches_Geschlechtschromosom_vom_modernen_Menschen_%C3%BCbernommen.html\" target=\"_blank\">biologie-seite.de\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">an exhibit in the Neanderthal Museum in Germany, imagining the scene of this group of ancient humans to the present day. Obviously, from the outside, they seem to be very different from us. Is this difference greater than the difference between indigenous Africans and East Asians? If only from the perspective of morphology, this is probably an unanswered question.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/s00016/000124_1704330275743.jpg\" alt=\"Neanderthalensis\" width=\"70%\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nPhoto by \u003Ca href=\"donsmaps.com\" target=\"_blank\">Don Hitchcock\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">a Neanderthal model from the National Science Museum in Tokyo.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nNeanderthal genes still have a great impact on modern people, such as enabling modern people to adapt to the cold environment of Eurasia quickly; however, these genes also make some common diseases, such as diabetes, liver cirrhosis, lupus erythematosus and so on easier to emerge. Another \"greater addiction to smoking\" seems to be one of the small gifts that Neanderthals left to us late-stage wise men, even though Neanderthals themselves were certainly non-smokers.\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---","770000 to 550000 years ago, the ancestors of modern humans diverged from those of Neanderthals and Denisovans, but there was no complete \"reproductive isolation\" between the three subspecies \". In fact, from a genetic point of view, they are just a \"weaker\" ancestor of modern people tens of thousands of years ago. Every modern person has more or less their genes in his body.","Neanderthals: Ancient humans not really extinct, ancestors hidden in our genes","From 770000 to 550000 years ago, the ancestors of Neanderthals and modern humans diverged from the ancestors of Neanderthals and Denisovans, but there was no complete \"reproductive isolation\" between the three subspecies \". In fact, they are just a \"weaker\" ancestor of modern people tens of thousands of years ago. Listen to their stories.","en",0.7,[24,32,39,46,53,61,67,75,83,91,99,106,113,121,128,135],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":30,"description":31},"78c2c5b3365e4a22a305d08771815f1c","Genus","homo","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770175703118_1764295418266_Homo_ergaster_American_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg","2024-01-04T09:47:05","2026-03-12T10:23:51","\"Human\" is only a term in the traditional sense, and from a genealogical point of view, it is very imprecise. In a narrow sense, human beings refer to all the people who have existed in history so far. However, human beings in biological taxonomy refer to \"human genus\", or \"true genus\". There are 17 known species, and modern people are only one of them.",{"id":33,"name":34,"keywords":4,"slug":35,"author":7,"ogImage":36,"isBlog":4,"createDate":37,"updateDate":30,"description":38},"02dc8cb3fb8a4f41a87671463267f5e8","Denisovans mixed with modern people","hybridization-between-denisovans-and-modern-humans","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276654946_720_000124_1704329927656.jpg","2023-11-24T14:20:52","Denisovans are an ancient human species discovered through DNA analysis. They coexisted with Neanderthals and modern humans and interbred with both. This paper provides a detailed analysis of gene flow, the EPAS1 gene on the Tibetan Plateau, the Xiahe mandible, and the distribution of ancestral components across global populations.\n",{"id":40,"name":41,"keywords":4,"slug":42,"author":7,"ogImage":43,"isBlog":4,"createDate":44,"updateDate":44,"description":45},"39e78b8f996c4a5e9db08680a5679edb","Neanderthals mixed with modern humans","hybridization-between-neanderthals-and-modern-humans","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276568618_720_1762762802424_hybridization-between-neanderthals-and-modern-humans.jpg","2026-02-27T10:39:43","Are modern people mixed with Neanderthals? How many Neanderthals genes do Europeans, Asians and Africans each contain? This article understands the history of gene exchange and evolution between humans and Neanderthals.\n",{"id":47,"name":48,"keywords":4,"slug":49,"author":7,"ogImage":50,"isBlog":4,"createDate":51,"updateDate":30,"description":52},"47281d4cfe6e440e97e2ca10729e61f6","Homo erectus","homo-eractus","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770175824343_000124_1709605257579.jpg","2023-11-23T15:48:07","Homo erectus, which existed about 1.8 million to 200000 years ago, is a critical and successful species in the history of human evolution. Their body proportions are close to those of modern people. They can systematically use fire and make complex tools. They not only created the Acheri culture, but also made human beings walk out of Africa for the first time, which can be called a milestone in the evolution of the human genus.",{"id":54,"name":55,"keywords":4,"slug":56,"author":7,"ogImage":57,"isBlog":4,"createDate":58,"updateDate":59,"description":60},"f57e163efcf24ea8b230b0c200911ef8","The oldest known human member—Orrorin tugenensis","orrorin-tugenensis","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770170182584_1760324824811_the-origin-of-our-species2.jpg","2026-02-25T14:47:25","2026-06-05T11:35:17","Orrorin tugenensis, also known as the “Millennium Man,” lived in Africa 6 million years ago and is one of the earliest known hominins to have walked upright. This paper presents the fossil discoveries, morphological characteristics, and evolutionary significance of this taxon.",{"id":62,"name":4,"keywords":4,"slug":63,"author":7,"ogImage":64,"isBlog":4,"createDate":65,"updateDate":65,"description":66},"b03a4da682ff469189c55b7db325a9cc","australopithecus-garhi","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770175774943_000124_1704333478298.jpg","2026-02-25T16:47:20","The amazing species of Australopithecus lived in Ethiopia about 3.3 million years ago. It was in the same period or even partially overlapped with the famous Afar species of Australopithecus (such as \"Lucy\"), which proved the diversity of human evolution and completely changed the previous The simple view of \"straight line evolution\" of human origin",{"id":68,"name":69,"keywords":4,"slug":70,"author":7,"ogImage":71,"isBlog":4,"createDate":72,"updateDate":73,"description":74},"650fb920a825478aba09b4410abf55ab","Recent common ancestor based on chromosomes 1-22","most-recent-common-ancestor-chromosome","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276375616_720_1761526548499_Chromosomal-fragment-recombination.jpg","2026-02-26T22:20:53","2026-02-26T22:21:27","Interpreting the recent common ancestor of human autosomes 1-22 from a genomic perspective, explaining DNA recombination, mutation and ancestral fragment inheritance, and popularizing the common ancestor time in the sense of human genetics.",{"id":76,"name":77,"keywords":4,"slug":78,"author":7,"ogImage":79,"isBlog":4,"createDate":80,"updateDate":81,"description":82},"5238590091ac4fbc9f8cd7c06b109323","Afa Australopithecus","australopithecus-afarensis","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770175627090_000124_1714358823400.jpg","2026-02-25T16:00:00","2026-03-09T12:19:43","Australopithecus Afa is a vital species in the history of early human evolution. It lived in Africa more than 300 million years ago. The most famous representative is the fossil skeleton called \"Lucy\". She is also jokingly called \"The grandmother of mankind\", behind her is the \"first family\" of mankind \".",{"id":84,"name":85,"keywords":4,"slug":86,"author":7,"ogImage":87,"isBlog":4,"createDate":88,"updateDate":89,"description":90},"15e0df576bbc43d88d2498755e8f8c87","Late Paleolithic Revolution","upper-paleolithic-revolution","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276687125_720_1760335975390_Palm2.jpg","2026-02-25T20:16:43","2026-02-28T16:28:26","About 50000 years ago, our race experienced something very special: just as Athena in Greek mythology injected soul into mankind, mankind suddenly possessed unprecedented figurative artistic creativity. This event, known as the \"Late Paleolithic Revolution\", is a watershed in the history of human evolution.",{"id":92,"name":93,"keywords":4,"slug":94,"author":7,"ogImage":95,"isBlog":4,"createDate":96,"updateDate":97,"description":98},"37fb4d2375284b3a9b4176a9419a9ced","Orina Culture","aurignacian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276727955_720_1760411643106_rhinos-chauvet-cave.jpg","2026-02-27T11:05:34","2026-03-04T22:19:11","What is Aorina culture? Age, distribution, tools, murals and sculptures (Chauvius Caves, Lions, Hochler Fellows Venus).",{"id":100,"name":101,"keywords":4,"slug":102,"author":7,"ogImage":103,"isBlog":4,"createDate":104,"updateDate":104,"description":105},"3e4128c6ce5045ea9a7832a51bc328a2","Mousterian culture","mousterian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779776644371_mousterian52.jpg","2026-05-26T16:50:41","The Moster culture (Mousterian) was one of the most important stone industries of the Middle Paleolithic, closely related to Neanderthals. This article provides a systematic overview of the origins of the Mousterian culture, Levallois technology, tool assemblage characteristics, major archaeological sites, and its pivotal role in the history of human evolution.",{"id":107,"name":108,"keywords":4,"slug":109,"author":7,"ogImage":110,"isBlog":4,"createDate":111,"updateDate":111,"description":112},"50a46bc8b7d14f758e786476d8dc5b91","Chartres-Péronne culture","chatelperronian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1778835524454_chatelperron32.jpg","2026-05-15T16:43:38","Exploring the Châtelperronian culture of the Upper Paleolithic. As the final cultural testament to the Neanderthals, it illuminates the enigmatic history of two human species—Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans—whose paths converged, competed, and ultimately交融ed in Europe, as evidenced by the points and bone tools from the Fairy Cave site.",{"id":114,"name":115,"keywords":4,"slug":116,"author":7,"ogImage":117,"isBlog":4,"createDate":118,"updateDate":119,"description":120},"942d002ff3b9424fbda0bd4ca9bce6e6","Denisovan Extinction","extinction-of-denisovans","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773021375116_Denisovans_extinct.jpg","2026-02-27T17:08:14","2026-03-04T22:26:07","Why did the Denisovans become extinct? Reveal the survival trajectory of this mysterious ancient human group, analyze the core causes of extinction such as the Last Ice Age and Homo sapiens competition, and take you to understand the invisible walker in the history of human evolution.",{"id":122,"name":123,"keywords":4,"slug":124,"author":7,"ogImage":125,"isBlog":4,"createDate":126,"updateDate":126,"description":127},"cb82ee0915fa4a8b8b6db69cb750d76e","The MRCA of modern humans","most-recent-common-ancestor-of-modern-humans","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276783618_720_1761530294216_The-origin-of-humans32.jpg","2026-02-27T19:08:16","What is the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of modern humans? How is it different from Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam? This article uses popular logic to explain the mystery of the common ancestor of all mankind.",{"id":129,"name":130,"keywords":4,"slug":131,"author":7,"ogImage":132,"isBlog":4,"createDate":133,"updateDate":30,"description":134},"dc3c57ca41ee45f8858842605c3045e6","The Hobbit Extinction","extinction-of-hobbits","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276601930_720_1761974884022_Homo_floresiensis_cave.jpg","2023-11-23T16:27:59","Who were the Flores (Hobbits)? Why were they short? When did they become extinct? This article describes the fossils, evolution and extinction of this mysterious dwarf human.\n",{"id":136,"name":137,"keywords":4,"slug":138,"author":7,"ogImage":139,"isBlog":4,"createDate":140,"updateDate":141,"description":142},"f04ff6cc20b3488dacfcbe9207617d3a","The earliest modern humans outside Africa","earliest-modern-humans-outside-africa","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276488308_720_1760335068948_Misliya.jpg","2026-02-26T23:51:57","2026-03-04T22:28:04","Where are the earliest modern fossils outside Africa and how many years ago? This article introduces key sites such as Kafze and Misria, and combs the real timeline of modern people coming out of Africa.\n",1780647322590]